• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2022

Background: Estrogen deficiency affects the structure and function of the salivary glands in women, leading to a decrease in salivary secretion and a change in the composition of saliva. Previous studies on changes in the salivary glands that cause estrogen deficiency have reported only partial results for the parotid and submandibular glands, and there are few comparative morphological studies of histological changes between the parotid and submandibular glands in ovariectomized rats (OVX) leading to estrogen deficiency. This study aimed to analyze the histopathological and histochemical changes in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands causing estrogen deficiency by using OVX, and to discuss the mechanism on these changes. Methods: The parotid and submandibular glands from sacrificed control and OVX groups were fixed with cold 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). The tissues were dehydrated using a series of graded ethyl alcohol and embedded in paraffin. For histopathological analysis, sections cut to a thickness of 6 to 7 ㎛ were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). For histochemical analysis, Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB, pH 2.5), and PAS+AB (pH 2.5 and pH 1) staining was performed. Results: Histopathological analysis of OVX tissue showed that the parotid and submandibular salivary glands were broadly and clearly separated and divided into lobes. In OVX, acinar and ductal cells with condensed polymorphic or pyknotic nucleus, which are presumed to be characteristic of apoptotic cells, and degenerated cells with lipid deposition in cytoplasmic granules and ruptured membranes were increased. Histochemical analysis of OVX, confirmed an increase in the number and acidification of acinar secretory granules. Conclusion: Histopathological and histochemical changes and the effects of estrogen deficiency are more evident in the submandibular salivary gland than in the parotid gland.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.185-191
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• 2018

Alcohol intake is known to affect various organs in the human body, causing reduction of salivation in the oral cavity. Hypo-salivation effect of alcohol is a common feature, but the mechanism in salivary glands is still poorly studied. Therefore, in this study, the changes in salivary secretion and water channel protein (aquaporin5, AQP5) in salivary glands of mice were investigated after ethanol administration. Animals were divided in to 4 groups with the control, 4 g/kg ethanol, 8 g/kg ethanol and 16 g/kg ethanol administration groups. One hour after ethanol administration, saliva was collected from the oral cavity, and the animals were killed and parotid and submandibular glands were extracted to analyze the histopathology, AQP5 immunihistochemistry and AQP5 protein level. According to the results, the salivation rate decreased irrespective of the ethanol dose in mice, and viscosities increased with increase in ethanol dose. However, there were no pathological changes in parotid and submandibular glands due to ethanol administration. Expression of AQP5 in parotid and submandibular glands decreased with increase ethanol administration These results indicate that the reduction of salivary secretion due to acute alcohol intake is closely related to decrease of the water channel protein such as AQP5 in parotid glands and submandibular glands, rather than the damage of salivary glands.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 1990

The aim of this study was to establish the diagnostic criteria of normal parotid glands in adults revealing the anatomical shape, its variations and the postitional relationships of the gland. Materials included 96 lateral and anterior-posterior sialograms of selected person from 23 to 28 years of age. Results were as follows: 1. The average length and lateral displacement of main duct was 48.43㎜ and l6.88㎜. The mean lumen diameter of that was 0.91㎜ in distal end and 1.40㎜ in hilar end in parotid glands. 2. The average angle of main duct to the inferior border of mandib was 34.32 degree. In configurations of main duct, modified curvilinear type was. most prevalent and followed by curvilinear, reverse sigmoid, sigmoid type. 3. The mean caliber of parotid gland was the longest in superior-inferior. 4. The interlobar ducts showed relatively well defined in all cases, its average number was 5.72. Arrangement of these ducts showed at random. Accessory lobe showed 87.5% in the all cases, its average number was 1.7. 5. There were no difference between the well and poorly defined acinar fillings in the glandular parenchyme. 6. There were no differences between right and left parotid glands in size and shape of main duct and parenchymal portion, but there were great variations in each individuals.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.309-326
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• 1998

In general, the major causative factor of halitosis is thought to be a sulfated compounds. Clusterin, a sulfated glycoprotein-2(SGP-2), is frequently found in diabetic conditions and cold stress conditions. The same result is werum glucose level to diabeteic and cold stress conditions that founded Clusterin. Therefore, this study was performed to examine Clusterin in the slivary glands under stress conditions before insulin injection I.M. Fourty rats were diveded into 3 groups ; 1) 10 rats of gorup I were selected as a control 2) 15 rats beloning to group II were bathed in cold water for 30 seconds twice a day 3) 15 rats in group III received cold stress and injected I.M. with insulin. The rats were sacrifeced at day 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 of the experiment and the submandibular glands and parotid galnds were removed. RNAs were purified from the salivary of the salivary glands were subjected to Hematoxillin-Eosin stainings and examined under the light microscope. The obtained results were as follows : 1. With immunohistochemistric method, in normal control goup, Clusterin was moderately stained in the intercalated ductal cell of the submandibualr glands, mild stained in the striated ductal cell of the submandibular glands, heavily stained on the cytoplasm of the intercalated ductal cell in the mucous submandibular glands nad slightrly stained in the intercalated ductal cell of the paroted gland, expressed negativity in the acina cell. 2. With immunohistochemistric method, Clusterin slightly increased in the acina cell of the submandibular glands under stress condition at 3 days after experement, moderately stained at 5 days after experiment so revealed positive response. And hearily in the intercalated ductal cell and mildly lin the acina celluar eytoplasm of the parotid glands under stress condition at 3 days experiment. 3. With immunohistochemistric method, no remarkable differences are found between the normal control group and stress conditioned group that insulin administration was performed before. 4. In the stressor-giving group, Clusterin mRNA was porminently expressed in submandibular gland after 5 days after experiment, in parotid gland after 3 days after experiment, performed in immunoelectrophoresis method. 5. In the insulin-injected nad stressor-giving group, Clusterin mRNA was not observed in all experimental submandibular and parotid gland, performed in immunoelectrophoresis method.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2000

Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic inflammatory disease that predominantly affects salivary, lacrimal and other exocrine glands. We report a case of Sjogren's syndrome combined with MALT (mucose associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma which occured in the parotid gland. A 57-year-old female with the complaint of painful swelling and lymph node enlargement was referred to our department. Sialograms of both parotid glands showed globular collections of contrast material uniformly distributed throughout the parotid gland. Salivary scintigraphy showed decreased uptake of the parotid gland. CT scan showed larger, slightly more dense parotid gland than normal and honeycomb glandular appearance. Also, It showed discrete, slightly more enhanced round mass in the left parotid gland. Histopathological finding showed replacement of salivary gland parenchyma with dense small lymphocytic infiltration having the feature of epimyoepithelial islands. Kappa light chain restriction of interglandular plasma cell could be seen.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 1999

Feeding rats a diet containing bean-hull causes hypertropy in their parotid glands due to the high tannin content. The amount of feedintake of rats led bean-hull was higher than that of rats fed a standard diet. However, the increase in body weight of rats fed bean-hull was lower than that of rats fed a standard diet, which resulted in significantly low feed efficiency of the bean-hull containing diet. Within one week, parotid glands significantly enlarged and a series of proline-rich proteins (PRPs) were produced, which were similar to those induced by feeding high-tannin sorghum with flight differences in molecular weights. Even though the direct comparison between PRPs produced by the bean-hull containing diet and those induced by the high sorghum diet is not appropriate due to laboratory inconsistences, several new PRPs were produced by high tannin diets in both experiments. Differences in molecular weights of PRPs induced in two different tannin sources must be funker investigated to be fully characterized. These morphological and biochemical changes have now been demonstrated to occur in response to the ingestion of tannins, presumably to diminish the anti-nutritional effects of tannins.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.395-408
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• 1997

Generally, the major causative factor of halitosis is thought to be a sulfated compounds. Clusterin, a sulfated glycoprotein-2(SGP-2), composed of two disulfide linked subunits. It is conceivable that clusterin might be one of candidated causing halitosis. We assume that clusterin found in the salivary glands under stress conditions might examine clusterin in the salivary glands under stress conditions. For this study, 24 rats were divided into 2 group : 1)18 rats of group I were bathed in cold water for 30 seconds twice a day 2) 6 rats of group II were selected as a control. The animals were sacrified at day 0,3,5,7,10, and 14 of the experiment and the submandibular glands and parotid glands were removed. RNAs were purified from the salivary glands and the transcription of clusterin in the glands was measured by Northern blot analysis. The specimens of the salivary glands were subjected to Hematoxillin-Eosin and PAS stainings and examined under the light microscope. The findings were as follows : 1. In group I, clusterin was expressed remarkably in the submandibular glands at day 5 but in the parotid glands remarkably at day 3 day slightly at day 7. 2. No significant histologic change was found in the salivary glands except that acini were slightly apart from each other under the cold stress condition.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.73-75
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• 2008

Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the salivary gland is an uncommon tumor that most often occurs in the parotid gland. In the parotid gland, malignant lymphomas are often clinically unsuspected, manifesting as nonspecific mass indistinguishable from other more common epithelial tumors. This case report describes a bilateral parotid glands mass as a first symptom of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The final diagnosis was established after an excisional biopsy and immunohistochemical staining. The patient underwent surgical excision and chemotherapy.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 2012

It has been known that saliva may affect the most of oral diseases. On the contrary, several systemic conditions may affect salivary flow and cause oral dryness and psychosocial stress especially may a crucial role in the etiology of hyposalivation and oral dryness. Many studies have focused on macroscopic effects of the stress on the salivary glands by autonomic respose, but on the other hand it has hardly been reported on cellular microscopic effects of the stress on the salivary glands. Therefore, this study was performed to examine clusterin, a antiapoptotic and cytoprotective protein, in the parotid glands under restraint stress condition. For this study, 10 rats were divided into 3 groups; 1) 2 rats of group I were selected as a normal control. 2) 2 rats of group II, as a experimental control were placed in the restraint cone for 2 hours 3) 6 rats of group III were placed in the restraint cone for 2 hours once a day. The rats were sacrificed immediately(group II, as a experimental control), 24, 48, and 72 hours after application of the stress and the parotid glands were excised. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed. The finding were as follows: 1. In parotid glands, clusterin was mildly increased and clearly expressed in the ductal cell under restraint stress immediately after application of the stress. 2. In parotid glands, clusterin was significantly decreased and slightly stained in the ductal cell under restraint stress 24 and 48 hours after experiment. 3. In parotid glands, clusterin was prominently increased again and densely stained in the ductal cell under restraint stress 72 hours after experiment.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 2010

Purpose: Primary malignant lymphomas of the salivary glands are uncommon, representing only 1.7% to 3.1% of all salivary neoplasms and 0.6% to 5% of all tumors and tumor-like lesions of the parotid gland. Lymphomas of the parotid glands are usually manifestations of a systemic disease process but primary lymphomas of the parotid glands are rare. Most of these lesions are classified as extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We report the clinicopathological features of primary malignant lymphoma of the parotid gland based on an analysis of our cases. Methods: The subject was a 48-year-old male patient with a malignant lymphoma originating in the parotid gland, which had been slowly increasing in size over previous 6 months. The diagnosis was established by MRI and a superficial lobectomy. After diagnosis, the patient was referred to an oncologist for staging and medical treatment. Results: The stage was IIIA. The patient was treated with chemotherapy following surgery with rituximab and CHOP (Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, Vincristine, Prednisolone). The tumor was controlled successfully by chemotherapy. The patient was followed up for 1 year with no relapse. Conclusion: A case of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the parotid gland was treated with a superficial parotidectomy and chemotherapy. The disease was well controlled after a 1 year follow-up.