• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.107-114
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• 2022

In this paper, proposes a delivery robot that can be autonomous driving learning. The proposed robot is designed to be used in park-type apartments without ground parking facilities. Compared to the existing apartments with complex ground and underground routes, park-type apartments have a standardized movement path, allowing the robot to run stably, making it suitable for students' initial education environment. The delivery robot is configured to enable delivery of parcels through machine learning technology for route learning and autonomous driving using cameras and LiDAR sensors. In addition, the control MCU was designed by separating it into three parts to enable learning by level, and it was confirmed that it can be used as a delivery robot for learning through operation tests such as autonomous driving and obstacle recognition. In the future, we plan to develop it into an educational delivery robot for various delivery services by linking with the precision indoor location information recognition technology and the public technology platform of the apartment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.10a
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• pp.323-325
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• 2021

The size of the delivery market in Korea is growing year by year. In recent years, the growth rate has skyrocketed due to the aftermath of the coronavirus. Looking at the domestic delivery market's volume trend in 2020, about 3.4 billion boxes increased by 21% compared to about 2.8 billion boxes last year. In addition, sales amounted to 7.5 trillion won, an increase of about 19% compared to 6.3 trillion won a year earlier. As the delivery market grows, the proportion of courier damage relief is also occurring at a considerable rate. About 33% of 1,000 people have experienced delivery accidents, and about 41% of the week have experienced damage or damage. In this paper, a deep learning model capable of detecting a parcel was created to detect a damaged parcel. A system that can check the performance of this model and detect and classify parcels during the delivery process using a real-time detection camera was studied.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.69-80
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• 2023

Carbon neutrality in agriculture can be derived from systematic GHG reduction policies based on quantitative environmental impact analysis of GHG-emitting activities. This study is to explore how to advance the calculation of carbon emissions from agricultural activities to the detailed spatial level to a spatial Tier 3 level (Tier 2.5 level), methodologically beyond the Tier 2 approach. To estimate the GHG emissions beyond the Tier 2.5 level by region for detailed spatial units, we constructed available activity data on carbon emission impact factors such as rice cultivation, agricultural land use, and livestock. We also built and verified detailed data on emission activities at the field level through field surveys. The GHG emissions were estimated by applying the latest national emission factors and regional emission factors according to the IPCC 2019 GL based on the field-level activity data. This study has significance that it explored ways to build activity data and calculate GHG emissions through statistical data and field surveys based on parcels, one of the smallest spatial units for regional carbon reduction strategies. It is expected that by utilizing the activity data surveyed for each field and the emission factor considering the activity characteristics, it will be possible to improve the accuracy of GHG emission calculation and quantitatively evaluate the effect of applying reduction policies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.59-73
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• 2023

Due to the steady growth of the online shopping market and contact-free consumption, the volume of parcels in South Korea continues to increase. However, there is a lack of manpower for delivery workers to handle the growing parcel volume, leading to frequent accidents related to delivery work. As a result, the government and local authorities strive to enhance last-mile logistics efficiency. As one of these measures, unmanned parcel storage lockers are installed and utilized to handle last-mile deliveries. However, the existing parcel storage involves the inconvenience of couriers having to put each parcel in each locker, and this is somewhat insufficient to relieve the workload of delivery workers. In this study, we propose parcel storage devices that use active loading technology to minimize the workload of delivery workers, extract operation risk factors to apply this system to actual sites, and establish risk reduction methods based on the ALARP concept. Through this study, we have laid the groundwork for improving the safety of the system by identifying and proposing mitigation measures for the risk factors associated with the proposed parcel storage devices utilizing active loading technology. When applied in practical settings in the future, this foundation will contribute to the development of a more efficient and secure system. By applying the ALARP concept, a systems engineering technique used in this research, to the development and maintenance of storage devices leveraging active loading technology, it is thought to make the development process more systematic and structured. Furthermore, through the risk management of the proposed system, it is anticipated that a systematic approach to quality management can be employed to minimize defects and provide a stable system. This is expected to be more useful than the existing unmanned parcel storage devices.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.11-22
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• 2017

A plaza represents the identity of a city, and that reveals a plaza's importance. Gwanghwamun Plaza and Seoul Plaza are two representative plazas where the citizens can freely express their opinions. Many major plazas in the center of Seoul were built under the Japanese occupation. Among these, the plaza of Joseon Bank has different characteristics than Gwanghwamun Plaza and Seoul Plaza. Even though this plaza was built in the center of the commercial, administrational, and cultural district during the Japanese colonial period, the research on this plaza has been limited. This study was conducted to verify the features of this plaza by analyzing its construction and transformation during the Japanese colonial period. The study's results outline how the plaza was constructed by the Japanese administration. The intention of the government is shown by the fact that it purchased land parcels and held a design competition. In the 1910s, the government purchased seven parcels of land during the expansion of roads as the place for the plaza. During the late 1930s, the government accepted a traffic circle to regulate the traffic and eliminate the conflict between crossing movements. In 1939, a fountain was built in the plaza's center, and its design was selected through a design competition. It was planned as a square, but gradually turned into a rotary. Furthermore, the plaza was a landmark and symbol of the power and modernity of Japan. As the main modal point of public transportation, the plaza became surrounded with largescale Western-style buildings, commercial advertising, and neon signs. The plaza became a place where people could experience the modern city. These spectacular displays showed that Japanese imperialism was perceived as a strange and peculiar landscape to the majority of Korean citizens. This study investigates the history and characteristics of the plaza, focusing on its beginning as well as the transformation of its form. As to the limitations of the study, it does not consider political and economic contexts within the transformation of Seoul and in relation to this plaza. Instead, that research remains for a future study.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.41
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• pp.7-36
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• 2014

Recently the Korean government announced that minimum wage policy would be applied even to apartment security staffs by 2015 who had been waived from the policy enforcement for their unique work conditions. This caused apartment management to introduce unmanned security system instead of employing security staffs because of fearing possible hike of management fees. People recklessly tend to believe unmaned system is cheaper than maned system if minimum wage guideline is applied. This study examines the economic feasibility of two different apartment security systems by utilizing cost-benefit analysis: maned and unmaned security systems. The authors estimate the costs and the benefits of each security system for 5 years(2014-2018) with application of social discount rate(5.5%). Thirty six apartment complexes at 8 different areas(meons and dongs) in Asan, Chungcheongnam-do province were surveyed. And to attain the exact costs of unmaned system establishment and operation, the authors interviewed persons working for the unmaned security corporations. The benefit-cost(B/C) ratio for unmanned security system is 1.66% at minimum and 1.30% at maximum. while B/C ratio for manned security system is 1.42% and 1.66% respectively. This results mean that people's belief is not correct, that is, transferring from maned system to unmaned is not always economically efficient. Benefits of maned security system is more diverse than unmaned system. The former provides living conveniences(parking helps and keeping parcels) and social benefits(employing aged worker and giving them opportunities to enjoy happier lives) as well as security benefits like crime prevention. The latter provides security benefits only, but that effect is also doubtable. Taking into account these diverse benefits maned system provides, the B/C ratio of maned system is equitable or higher than unmaned system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.4 s.82
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• pp.81-91
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• 2005

The Traveling Salesman Problem(TSP) is one of the NP-complete (None-deterministic Polynomial time complete) route optimization problems. Its calculation time increases very rapidly as the number of nodes does. Therefore, the near optimum solution has been searched by heuristic algorithms rather than the real optimum has. This paper reviews the Ant System Algorithm(ANS), an heuristic algorithm of TSP and its applicability in the parcel delivery service in Korea. ASA, which is an heuristic algorithm of NP-complete has been studied by M. Dorigo in the early 1990. ASA finds the optimum route by the probabilistic method based on the cumulated pheromone on the links by ants. ASA has been known as one of the efficient heuristic algorithms in terms of its calculation time and result. Its applications have been expanded to vehicle routing problems, network management and highway alignment planning. The precise criteria for vehicle routing has not been set up in the parcel delivery service of Korea. Vehicle routing has been determined by the vehicle deriver himself or herself. In this paper the applicability of ASA to the parcel delivery service has been reviewed. When the driver s vehicle routing is assumed to follow the Nearest Neighbor Algorithm (NNA) with 20 nodes (pick-up and drop-off places) in $10Km{\times}10Km$ service area, his or her decision was compared with ASA's one. Also, ASA showed better results than NNA as the number of nodes increases from 10 to 200. If ASA is applied, the transport cost savings could be expected in the parcel delivery service in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.624-638
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• 2019

A questionnaire was administered, and all responses were analyzed to examine prospective teachers' conceptual understanding of the relationship between dew point temperature and absolute humidity in air parcels. The responses revealed that many prospective teachers have substantial misconceptions about the relationship. For example, some thought that the absolute humidity and the dew point temperature are proportional to each other, and that the dew point temperature is proportional to the water vapor mass in the parcel. The misconceptions seemingly stemmed from inadequate descriptions on the relationship in middle-school science textbooks of the 7th and 2007 revised curricula. The study notes that the first year students' textbook of the 2015 revised curriculum introduced the concepts of evaporation, condensation, and volume changes as a function of gaseous pressure and temperature, from a perspective of molecular motion. It is suggested that keeping this perspective in the middle school curriculum, while introducing water vapor pressure as the measure of water vapor amount and dew point temperature, should help prevent middle school teachers and students from having misconceptions. There should be a concerted effort to make the science curriculum more consistent and coherent across the grade levels.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.9D no.5
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• pp.915-924
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• 2002

Conventional Systems for parcel sorting consist of two sequences as loading the parcel into conveyor belt system and post-code input. Using bar code information, the parcels to be recorded and managed are recognized. This paper describes a 32 $\times$ 32 sized mini-block inspection to extract bar code Region of Interest (ROI) from the line Charged Coupled Device (CCD) camera capturing image of moving parcel at 2m/sec speed. Firstly, the Min-Max distribution of the mini-block has been applied to discard the background of parcel and region of conveying belts from the image. Secondly, the diagonal inspection has been used for the extraction of letters and bar code region. Five horizontal line scanning detects the number of edges and sizes and ROI has been acquired from the detection. The wrong detected area has been deleted by the comparison of group size from labeling processes. To correct excluded bar code region in mini-block processes and for analysis of bar code information, the extracted ROI 8 boundary points and decline distribution have been used with central axis line adjustment. The ROI extraction and central axis creation have become enable within 60～80msec, and the accuracy has been accomplished over 99.44 percentage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.365-373
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• 2013

Tile caching technology is a commonly used method that optimizes the delivery of map imagery across the internet in modern WebGIS systems. However the poor performance of the map tile cache update is one of the major causes that hamper the wider use of this technique for datasets with frequent updates. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm, namely, Partial Area Cache Update (PACU) that significantly minimizes redundant update of map tiles where the update frequency of source map data is very large. The performance of our algorithm is verified with the cadastral map data of Pyeongtaek of Gyeonggi Province, where approximately 3,100 changes occur in a day among the 331,594 parcels. The experiment results show that the performance of the PACU algorithm is 6.6 times faster than the ESRI ArcGIS SERVER$^{(r)}$. This algorithm significantly contributes in solving the frequent update problem and enable Web Map Tile Services for data that requires frequent update.