• 미생물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.103-107
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• 1981

1 계면활성제의 농도가 증가하면 용해도와 최소억제농도는 일정하게 증가한다. 2 계연활성제에 결합되어 있는 지방산의 탄소수가 증가하면 용해도와 최소억제농도는 증가한다. 3 용해도와 최소억제농도와의 관계는 $S-S_0=R^{\prime}/R^{\prime\prime}\;(M-M_0)$로써, 본 실험에서 $R^{\prime}/R^{\prime\prime}$는 대략 2가 되었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.181-184
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• 2011

Screening of estrogenic activity on dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and parabens was compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 455 (TG455). The estrogenic activity of DDT was 58,000-fold ($PC_{50}$, $1.67{\times}10^{-6}$ M) less than $17{\beta}$-estradiol($E_2$) ($PC_{50}$, $2.88{\times}10^{-11}$ M) but DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane and PBDE did not show any estrogenic activity in this assay system. In the case of paraben compounds, the rank of relative transcriptional activation (logRTA) was butyl paraben -1.63752 ($PC_{50}$, $1.25{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > isobutyl paraben -2.34008 ($PC_{50}$, $6.3{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > ethyl paraben -2.64016 ($PC_{50}$, $1.26{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > isopropyl paraben -2.73993 ($PC_{50}$, $1.58{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > propyl paraben -2.84164 ($PC_{50}$, $2.0{\times}10^{-6}$ M). Our data suggest that OECD test guideline TG455 may be useful as a screening tool for potential endocrine disruptors.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2023

Background: Paraben is a widely used substance with a preservative effect found in various materials such as food, medicine, personal care products, and cosmetics. Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the level of urinary paraben concentrations (i.e., methyl-, ethyl-, and propyl-) among Korean adults and to explore the factors related with the exposure levels. Methods: We analyzed the third period (2015~2017) of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS). R statistical software (version 4.1.1) was used to estimate representative values for the whole population with weight variables to reflect sampling design. Whether urinary concentrations tended to increase as the level of paraben exposure-related characteristics increased was tested and P_trend was calculated using general linear models. Results: Urinary concentrations of all three parabens (i.e., methyl-, ethyl- and propyl-) were higher in women than in men (P_trend<0.0001, 0.008, and <0.0001), and the values of methylparaben and propylparaben tended to increase as the age of subjects increased (P_trend<0.0001, and <0.0001). Urinary concentrations of methylparaben and propylparaben were associated with intensity of exercise (P_trend<0.001, and 0.004), and that of propylparaben was higher in non-smokers (P_trend=0.01). In terms of paraben exposure-related variables, urinary concentrations of parabens (i.e., methyl-, ethyl- and propyl-) increased as the daily average frequency of teeth-brushing (P_trend<0.0001, 0.03 and 0.0001), the frequency of use of hair products (P_trend=0.005, 0.05 and 0.04), the frequency of use of makeup products (P_trend<0.001, 0.001 and <0.001), and the frequency of use of antibacterial products (P_trend=0.005, 0.02 and 0.02) increased. Conclusions: In our study, urinary concentrations of all three parabens are associated with gender, teethbrushing, hair products, make-up products, and antibacterial products. Methyl- and proyl-parabens were associated with age and intensity of exercise, and propyl-paraben was associated with smoking.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.460-476
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• 2015

위기 커뮤니케이션에 있어 SNS를 비롯한 뉴미디어 활용의 중요성이 강조되고 있지만 구체적인 활용 방안에 대한 고찰과 논의는 부족한 실정이다. 이 연구는 지난 해 논란이 되었던 식약처의 '파라벤 치약' 사례를 중심으로 정부의 위기관리 체계를 커뮤니케이션 관점에서 살펴봄으로써, 위기 시 대언론관계 관리와 뉴미디어의 역할에 대해 실무적 함의를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 연구는 정책 이슈의 확산 과정을 SNS 중심의 의제설정 관점에서 살펴보고, 정책결정과정의 주요 참여자인 정부, 언론, 국민들이 정부의 위기 상황에서 어떤 메시지를 생산하였는지 비교하였다. 이를 위해 파라벤 치약 이슈가 논란이 되었던 한 달여 동안의 사건 전개 과정을 4단계로 구분하고, 단계별로 식약처의 해명 자료와 주요 언론의 보도 기사(총 45건), 관련 트윗(총 645건)을 텍스트 분석, 어절 분석, 네트워크 분석을 통해 살펴보았다. 정부, 언론, 국민이 생산한 메시지를 분석한 결과를 토대로 식약처의 위기 커뮤니케이션에 있어서의 문제점에 대해 논의하고, 위기 발생 시 정부의 대언론 관계 관리 및 뉴미디어 활용 방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2008

Recently, parabens have been believed to act as xenoestrogens, an identified class of endocrine disruptors (EDs). These environmental compounds are the most well-known as preservatives in many commercial products, including food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. It has been demonstrated that the human health risks of parabens result from a long-term exposure to skin in which this chemical group is rapidly absorbed through the skin. On the other hand, parabens are also completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. It has reported that these substances possess several biological effects in which inhibitory property involved in membrane transports and mitochondrial functions is considered to be important for their action. Testing of parabens has revealed that estrogen-like activities of these chemicals are much less potent than natural estrogen, $17{\beta}$ estradiol (E2). Additionally, the estrogenicity of individual paraben- compounds is distinct depending upon their biochemical structure. Recent findings of paraben-estrogenic activities have shown that these compounds may affect breast cancer incidence in women, suggesting adverse ecological outcomes of this environmental group on human and animal health. Although the biological and toxicological effects of parabens have been demonstrated in many previous studies, possible mechanism(s) of their action are required to be explored in order to bring the better understanding in the detrimental impacts of parabens in human and wildlife. There have several different types of parabens which are the most widely used as preservatives. These include methyl-paraben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a major metabolite of parabens. In this review, we summarize current database based on in vitro and in vivo assays for estrogenic activities and health risk assessment of paraben- EDs which have been published previously.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2019

Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM), also known as Korean blackberry or bokbunja, is used as a South Korean traditional medicine to treat acne and inflammatory skin conditions. The antimicrobial activity of RCM root and its active compounds remain unclear. In this study, we prepared a 50% ethanol fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and acid-treated ethyl acetate fraction (aglycone fraction) of RCM root, and evaluated antibacterial activities against the skin pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas acnes, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a paper disc assay, all fractions of RCM root showed antimicrobial activities against the five skin pathogens. The ethyl acetate fraction displayed 6-, 12-, and 2-fold higher minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) than the 50% ethanol fraction against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. acnes, respectively. The aglycone fraction displayed 2-fold higher MIC than methyl paraben against P. acnes, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate fraction displayed a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) similar to that of methyl paraben, and the aglycone fraction showed 2- to 4-fold higher MBCs than those of methyl paraben. In particular, the ethyl acetate fraction was not cytotoxic and showed thermal stability after incubation at high temperatures ($60-121^{\circ}C$). Finally, the ethyl acetate fraction was separated and four components were identified: procyanidin C, propelagonidin dimer, ellagic acid, and methyl ellagic acid acetyl pentose. The compounds showed high antibacterial activities. These results suggest that RCM root is potentially applicable as a natural preservative in cosmetics.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in public recognition of parabens on Twitter and the research status of parabens related to toothpaste. Methods: Tweet information between 2010 and October 2016 was collected by an automatic web crawler and examined according to tweet frequency, key words (2012-October 2016), and issue tweet detection analyses to reveal changes in public recognition of parabens on Twitter. To investigate the research status of parabens related to toothpaste, queries such as "paraben," "paraben and toxicity," "paraben and (toothpastes or dentifrices)," and "paraben and (toothpastes or dentifrices) and toxicity" were used. Results: The number of tweets concerning parabens sharply increased when parabens in toothpaste emerged as a social issue (October 2014), and decreased from 2015 onward. However, toothpaste and its related terms were continuously included in the core key words extracted from tweets from 2015. They were not included in key words before 2014, indicating that the emergence of parabens in toothpaste as a social issue plays an important role in public recognition of parabens in toothpaste. The issue tweet analysis also confirmed the change in public recognition of parabens in toothpaste. Despite the expansion of public recognition of parabens in toothpaste, there are only seven research articles on the topic in PubMed. Conclusions: The general public clearly recognized parabens in toothpaste after emergence of parabens in toothpaste as a social issue. Nevertheless, the scientific information on parabens in toothpaste is very limited, suggesting that the efforts of dental scientists are required to expand scientific knowledge related to parabens in oral hygiene measures.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 1996

The conventional glutaraldehyde (GA) fixation method of tissue valves is considered to be responsible for accelerated valve degeneration. The release of toxic GA from the valve tissue is believed to limit endothelial cell (EC) ingrowth. Removal of toxic GA by reaction with L-glutamic acid and storage in a Paraben solution may offer good EC growth. To investigate the conditions for endothelialization of tissue valves, the growth properties of ECs on the conventionally and alternatively treated pericardial tissue were compared. Conventional preparation included zero-pressure fixation for 72 hours in phosphated-buffered saline (PBS) solution containing 0.5% GA at 4$^{\circ}C$ and storage into PBS containing 0.2% GA(group I). Alternatively treated pericardial tissues were divided into three postfixation treatment groups : (1) storage in PBS solution containing Paraben(group II), (2) treatment with PBS containing 8$^{\circ}C$ L-glutamic acid(PH 7.35) and storage in PBS solution containing Paraben (g oup III), (3) treatment with L-glutamic acid dissolved in distilled water (PH 3.5) (group IV). Pericardial tissue were transferred into the 24-well plate after storage for 4 weeks. ECs were harvested enzymatically from the bovine pulmonary artery and grown to confluence on culture flask surfaces. Detached ECs by trypsin were incubated into the each well of the 24-well plate including test pericardial tissues. Cells were detached by trypsin, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days after incubation and counted on the hemacytometer. Cell viability test was performed by frypan-blue exclusion method. Acute cell death in the group I were found even after prolonged washing. The group II showed prolonged cell survival compared with the group I. Both group III and group IV showed better cell growth than group II. There was no statistically significant difference between group III and group IV method in terms of EC growth. This results suggest that treatment by L-glutamic ac id and storage in a Paraben solution be a promising approach for improvement of durability of GA-treated tissue valves.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.867-873
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• 2023

본 연구는 감기약의 품질관리를 위한 기초자료서, HPLC를 이용하여 감기약의 4가지 주요 성분인 아세트아미노펜(Acetaminophen), 카페인(Caffeine), 메틸 파라벤(Methly paraben), 프로필 파라벤(Propyl paraben)을 동시 분석하였다. 시료는 4가지 성분을 전처리한 후, 액체크로마토그래피(HPLC)를 사용하여 정량분석 하였다. 감기약의 분석은 상업용 C18 칼럼과 이동상으로 아세토니트릴(Acetonitrile) 과 증류수(H₂O)을 사용하였으며, 아이소그라틱 기법(Isocratic Elution)을 사용하였다. 검출기는 PDA 및 UV detector를 사용하였으며, 유속은 1.0mL/min, 주입부피는 10uL, 칼럼오븐의 온도는 35℃, 파장은 270nm에서 수행하였다. 실험 결과 Resolution의 값이 각각 4.983, 1.596, 5.519, 1.678으로 Rs >1.5 이상으로 나타나 분리능이 우수하고 Symmetry factor 값은 1.056, 1.069, 1.032, 1.133으로 안정적인 대칭을 갖는 것을 알 수 있었다. 모든 표준성분의 검량선 값은 R² > 0.9995 ~ 0.9999로 나타나 우수한 직선성을 나타내었다. 또한 검출한계(Llimit of detection) 와 정량한계(Limit of quantification)는 각각 0.0118 ~ 1.5973mg/mL 및 0.0353 ~ 4.7919㎍/mL, 회수율은 79.6% ~ 120.5%로 안정적인 값을 얻었다. 본 연구 결과는 실험적으로 입증한 감기약 성분의 동시 분석법에 의한 품질평가가 효율적임을 보여주었다

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.40-43
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• 1979