• 생약학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.256-261
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• 1988

The present studies were investigated to find out the uterus contractive components and action mechanism of contractive components. We observed that the contractive components of Dianthi Herba were extracted with methanol and dissolved in butanol. The butanol extracts of Dianthi Herba increased uterus contractility, and fraction 2 obtained from butanol extract was more powerful than other fractions. This action was not blocked by atropine, papaverine, prazosin, propranolol, chlorpheniramine, methysergide and diltiazem in vitro.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1992년도 제1회 신약개발 연구발표회 초록집
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• pp.46-46
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• 1992

항궤양약 및 진경약의 효능을 검색할 수 있는 방법을 추구하는데 목적이 있다. 항궤양약의 약효는 Shay궤양, 수침 Stress궤양, indomethacin, histamine 및 prednisolone으로 유발된 궤양에 대하여 실시하였고 진경약의 효능은 흰쥐 fundus 절편을 이용한 in vitro 방법으로 실시하였다. 그 결과 항궤양약 효능시험은 shay 궤양에 있어서 omeprazole은 10mg/kg (i.d.)의 용량에서 유의성 있는 항궤양 효과를 나타내었으며, 수침 stress궤양에서 famotidine은 0.3mg/kg(p.o.), indomethacin 궤양에서 famotidine은 3mg/kg(p.o.), histamine궤양에서 cimetidine 은 50mg/kg(p.o.), prednisolone궤양에서 cimetidine은 1mg/kg(p.o.)의 용량에서 유의성 있는 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 진경약의 약효검색에 관하여는 세신(Asarum sieboldii)의 MeOH엑스가 흰쥐 위절편(fundus) 표본에서 비상경적 진정 작용이 있음을 확인하였고, 그 작용강도는 papaverine의 1/50에 해당되나 이를 분획하였을 경우에 hexane 분획에서 papaverine의 1/2에 해당하는 강도가 있다는 결과를 얻었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.181-185
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• 1986

To estimate the penile blood flow changes during artificial with erection intracorporeal papaverine injection, we injected 99 m Technitium-Human Serum Albumin via antecubital vein simultaneously and calculate the radioisotope activity of the penis using computerized Gamma Camera. We classified the results into 3 groups according to the transit time, erection persistent time and venous index in 67 impotence patients. We defined the arteriogenic impotence with the delayed transit time (more than 600 seconds) in 13 patients and venogenic with the shortened erection persistant time (less than 200 seconds) and decreased venous index (less than 0.8) in 11 patients. The rest of them (43 patients) were regarded as equivocal impotence, probably nonvasculogenic or psychogenic.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2021

Microglial priming is the process of microglial proliferation and activation in response to neurodegeneration and abnormal protein accumulation. Priming makes microglia susceptible to secondary inflammatory stimuli and causes exaggerated inflammatory responses. In the present study, we established a microglial priming model in mice by administering a single injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg). MPTP induced microglial activation without dopaminergic degeneration; however, subsequent treatment with a sub-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced an amplified inflammatory response and caused nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. These pathological and inflammatory changes, including microglial activation and dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) area were reversed by papaverine (PAP) administration. In addition, MPTP/LPS enhanced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression and processing via nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in the SN region of mice. However, PAP treatment suppressed inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β maturation. Moreover, PAP inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and enhanced cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activity in the SN of MPTP/LPS mice. These results suggest that PAP inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by modulating NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways, which results in reduced microglial activation and neuronal cell death. Thus, PAP may be a potential candidate for the treatment of Parkinsons's disease, which is aggravated by systemic inflammation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.839-844
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• 2004

배경 및 목적: 속가슴동맥 편과 유리 노동맥 편의 Y-복합이식편은 관상동맥우회 술에 많이 이용된다. 이 연구의 목적은 속가슴동맥 편의 혈류를 증가시킬 수 있는 방법을 찾고 Y-복합이식편의 혈류역학을 알고자 함이다. 대상 및 방법: 관상동맥우회 술을 받은 15예에서 속가슴동맥 편을 두 가지 방법으로 처치하여 속가슴동맥 혈류량을 측정하였다. 7예에서는 혈관 외부에만 파파베린 액을 처치하였고 8예에서는 혈관 내로 파파베린 액을 주입하였다. 다른 18예에서는 속가슴동맥 편과 유리 노동맥 편으로 Y-복합이식편을 만들어 사용하였고 그 자유 혈류량과 두 분지의 혈류 변화를 조사하였다. 결과: 속가슴동맥 편의 혈관 내로 파파베린을 주사한 경우는 혈관외부에 파파베린을 처치한 경우보다 약 2배의 자유혈류량을 얻을 수 있었다(47.7$\pm$9.6 mL/min와 100.8$\pm$26.3 mL/min, p<0.001). Y-복합이식편의 양측을 다 연 상태에서 총 자유혈류량은 속가슴동맥 측만을 열었을 때나 노동맥 측만을 열었을 경우보다 훨씬 많았다(173.3$\pm$45.3 mL/min와 121.1$\pm$34.3 mL/min 혹은 117.5$\pm$42.8 mL/min, 각각 p<0.001). Y-복합이식편의 양 분지를 다 연 경우 양측의 혈류량은 차이가 없었다(85.4$\pm$27.8 mL/min와 87.9$\pm$42.4 mL/min, p=0.772). Y-복합이식편에서 한 측의 혈류량은 다른 측을 열 때보다 막을 때 훨씬 많았다. 결론: 속가슴동맥 편의 혈관 내에 파파베린 액을 주입하는 방법은 자유혈류량을 올릴 수 있는 매우 효과적인 방법이다. 속가슴동맥 편과 유리 노동맥 편의 Y-복합이식편은 속가슴동맥의 단독이식편보다 더 많은 자유혈류량을 보이며, Y-복합이식편의 한 측의 혈류량은 다른 측의 혈류량의 변화에 따라 변할 수 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.474-483
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• 1992

연구배경 : 급성 폐손상은 원인에 상관없이 병태생리학적으로 폐동맥압의 증가와 폐부종을 특징으로 하는데 산소기를 포함한 여러 종류의 염증매개성 물질들이 급성 폐손상의 발병기전에 관여할 것으로 생각되고 있다. 그러나 산소기에 의한 급성 폐손상에서 폐모세혈관압의 변화는 확실하게 알려져 있지 않다. 또한 폐부종의 형성에는 폐포-모세혈관투과성과 함께 폐모세혈관과 폐포사이의 수압차도 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있으나 산소기에 의한 급성 폐손상에서 폐포모세혈관압의 역할에 관해서는 별로 알려져 있지 않은 실정이다. 방법 : Sprague-Dawley 백서를 정상 대조군(n=5), xanthine/xanthine oxidase 처치군(n=7), catalase 전치치군(n=5), papaverine 전처치군(n=7)과 indomethacin 전처치군(n=5)으로 나누어 격리순환폐모델에서 시간경과 따른 폐동맥압, 폐모세혈관압을 측정하고 폐의 무게 변화를 관찰하여 폐부종의 지표로 사용하였다. 폐모세혈관압은 micropuncture에 의한 방법과 일치도가 높은 것으로 알려져 있는 double occlusion법을 이용하였다. 즉, 폐동맥으로의 관류와 좌심방으로부터의 관류를 동시에 2초간 차단하여 폐동맥압과 좌심방압이 비슷한 압력에서 평형상태를 유지할 때의 압력을 폐모세혈관압으로 사용하였다. 결과 : 1) 폐동맥압과 폐모세혈관압은 각각 xanthine/xanthine oxidase 처치군에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 이들은 catalase와 papaverine 전처치로 각각 유의하게 완화되었으나 indomethacin 전처치로는 유의하게 완화되지 않았다. 2) xanthine/xanthine oxidase 처치군에서 관찰된 폐부종은 catalase 천처치와 papaverine 전처치로 유의하게 완화되었으나 indomethacin 전처치로는 완화되지 않았다. 결론 : 격리순환폐모델에서 산소기에 의한 백서의 급성 폐손상시 폐모세혈관압이 증가하고 이는 폐포-모세혈관투과성이 증가된 상태하에서 폐부종을 악화시키며 산소기에 의한 폐모세혈관압의 증가와 폐부종에 cyclooxygenase 대사물은 큰 역할을 하지 않을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.732-739
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• 1985

This study was experimentally undertaken to evaluate the effect of the coronary vasodilator-mixed cardioplegic solution on myocardial protection during prolonged aortic cross-clamping. The dogs were divided into two groups: control group A[received hypothermic cardioplegic solution without any additive coronary vasodilator], and comparing group 8[received hypothermic cardioplegic solution, mixed with various coronary vasodilators and Inderal]. Group A further was divided into two subgroups: subgroup A-1[ischemic time, 90 minutes], and subgroup A-2 [ischemic time, 240 minutes]. Group B further was divided into five subgroups: subgroup B-1 [received papaverine mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution], subgroup B-2[received nitroglycerin mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution], subgroup B-3 [received nitroprusside mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution, subgroup B-4[received hydralazine mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution], and subgroup B-5 [received inderal mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution]. The specimens from all of the subgroups were studied by electron microscopic examination. The specimens of subgroups [B-l, B-2 8-3, and B-4], received coronary vasodilators mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solutions, were also compared by methylene blue induced staining of the myocardium and coronary vessels. The results obtained were as followings: l. On electron microscopic examination, all of the specimens, including subgroup A-2, showed no irreversible change of the myocardium. But the best result was obtained from the subgroup B-l, treated by papaverine mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution. The subgroup B-2, treated by nitroglycerin, was next. And the subgroup B-5, treated by Inderal, was agreeable, comparing the electron microscopic finding with control group in the effect of myocardial protection. 2. The distribution in the myocardium of cardioplegic solution was demonstrated with the aid of methylene blue staining in the subgroups of B-l, B-2, B-3, and B-4, and they were the groups treated by papaverine, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and hydralazine in their grouping order. The best result was obtained from the subgroup B-1 [papaverine]. The subgroup B-2 [nitroglycerin] was next. The subgroup B-3 [nitroprusside] was moderate in finding of the colorization. The subgroup B-4 [hydralazine] was the poorest in the distribution of the cardioplegic solution in the myocardium. From these results, it appeared that myocardial protection during ischemic arrest for open heart surgery could be enhanced considerably when coronary dilatation was assured.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.435-439
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• 2005

To determine the appropriate concentration of papaverine hydrochloride(PPV) for therapeutic intraarterial infusion against cerebral vasospasm and to measure the mean blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery in rabbits. Vasospasm was induced in the experimental groups (3 days after infusion; group 1, n=3, 7 days after infusion; group 2, n=3) and a control group (n=l) by placing a blood clot in the subarachnoid space around the top of the internal carotid siphon. PPV (5 mg/kg) was infused into the internal carotid artery. The vascular diameters of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) were measured on angiograms before and after infusion. The mean blood flow velocity in the MCA was measured on transcranial doppler sonograms before and 24 hours after infusion. After fixation, the MCA was dissected out, stained, and examined microscopically. After PPV infusion in both groups, vascular dilatation of about $20\%$ was seen. The mean increase in blood flow velocity in the group $1(30\%)$ was smaller than in the group $2(70\%)$. The mean blood flow velocity in the MCA decreased by about $30\%$ in both groups, but increased again after 24 hours nearly to the level before PPV infusion. PPV infusion may be more effective in early stages of vasospasm when vascular walls have fewer histologic changes.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1974

The isolated rabbit gall bladder strips were prepared according to the technique described by Amer and Becvar (1969). The strips were placed in a bath containing 100 ml of Locke-Ringer solution maintained at $38^{\circ}C$. Oxygen was continuously bubbled through the solution. The tension of the muscle strip was initially adjusted to 0.7g. The contractile response was measured isometrically by a force-displacement transducer connected to a polygraph. The effect of a number of autonomic drugs were studied for their interaction with caerulein (Prof. V. Erspamer, F.I. 6934 Caerulein, Farmitalia, Italia), a gastrin or CCK.PZ like peptide, on isolated rabbit gall bladder strips. In this preparation caerulein produced contractions of CCK-PZ type, but the relative potency on a weight basis was 40 times that of CCK-PZ. The response of caerulein was not modified by either cholinergic or alpha or beta adrenergic blockade. However, the response of caerulein and of barium on the strips were prevented by papaverine or aminophylline. Isoproterenol, papaverine or aminophylline alone relaxed the preparation whereas caerulein, CCK-PZ, acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine or barium chloride contracted the preparation. In summary, it is concluded that caerulein on the gall bladder strip seems to act independently of the autonomic nervous system and mediated via mechanisms apparently similar to those involved in the action of barium chloride.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.255-259
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• 2000

For rapid and sensitive measurement of antiviral activities, application of a recombinant virus containing firefly luciferase gene was attempted. Recombinant human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) containing luciferase gene driven by HCMV late gene pp28 promoter (HCMV/pp28-luc) was used to test the antiviral activities of three known compounds and the result was compared with results from the conventional plaque assay for measuring the production of infectious viruses. When human fibroblast cells were infected with HCMV/pp28-luc, luciferase activity was observed at 2 days after infection and reached maximum at 6 days after infection, whereas the production of infectious virus was maximal at 4 days after infection. The antiviral activities of ganciclovir, acyclovir, and papaverine were measured in HFF cells infected with HCMV/PP28-luc and the luciferase activity was compared with the infectious virus titers. Luciferase activity decreased as the concentration of ganciclovir or papaverine increased, while there was a slight decrease in luciferase activity with acyclovir. The level of the decrease in Luciferase activity was comparable to the level of decrease in the production of infectious virus. Therefore, the antiviral assay using recombinant virus HCMV/pp28-luc resulted in sensitivity similar to the conventional plaque assay with a significant reduction in assay time.