• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.373-378
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• 2005

Influenza virus has a unique characteristics of annual epidemics of acute respiratory disease with attack rate of 10%-30% of the population. It is also the classical emerging infectious disease causing global pandemics when new antigenic shift occur. This antigenic shift is the key to its ability to evoke periodic pandemics, and it has caused at least 3 pandemics in 20th century. I reviewed these 3 pandemics in their natural courses and the epidemiology of the recent emerging influenza A viruses, especially the H5 and H7 subtypes. I descr ibed the epidemics of these vi ruses in human population and why we should be prepared to these viruses.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.386-390
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• 2005

Influenza A viruses periodicall y cause worldwide epidemics, or pandemics, with high rates of illness and death. A pandemic can occur at any time, with the potential to cause serious illness, death and social and economic disruption throughout the world. Historic evidence suggests that pandemics occurred three to four times per century. In the last century there were three influenza pandemics. The circumstances still exist for a new influenza virus with pandemic potential to emerge an d spread. The unpredictability of the timing of the next pandemic is underlined by the occurrence of several large outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza since the early 1980s. In 1999, the World Health Organization published the Influenza pandemic plan. The role of WHO and guidelines for national and regional planning. And in 2005, WHO revised the global influenza preparedness plan for new national measures before and during pandemics. This document outlines briefly the Korean Centers for Disease Control's plan for responding to an influenza pandemic. According to the new pandemic phases of WHO, we set up the 4 national levels of preparedness and made guidelines for preventing and control the epidemics in each phase. And also we described the future plans to antiviral stockpiles and pandemic vaccine development.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.379-385
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• 2005

The impact of the next influenza pandemic is difficult to predict. It is dependent on how virulent the virus is, how rapidly it spreads from population to population, and the effectiveness of prevention and response efforts. Despite the uncertainty about the magnitude of the next pandemic, estimates of the health and economic impact remain important to aid public health policy decisions and guide pandemic planning for health and emergency sectors. Planning ahead in preparation for an influenza pandemic, with its potentially very high morbidity and mortality rates, is essential for hospital administrators and public health officials. The estimat ion of pandemic impact is based on the previous pandemics- we had experienced at least 3 pandemics in 20th century. But the epidemiologi cal characteristics - ie, start season, the impact of 1st wave, pathogenicity and virulence of the viruses and the primary victims of population were quite different from one another. I reviewed methodology for estimation and modelling of pandemic impact and described some nations's results using them in their national preparedness plans. And then I showed the estimates of pandemic influenza impact in Korea with FluSurge and FluAid. And, I described the results of pandemic modelling with parameters of 1918 pandemic for the shake of education and training of the first-line responder health officials to the epidemics. In preparing influenza pandemics, the simulation and modelling are the keys to reduce the uncertainty of the future and to make proper policies to manage and control the pandemics.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2022

More than 2 years after the explosion of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extensive efforts have been made to develop safe and efficacious vaccines against infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The pandemic has opened a new era of vaccine development based on next-generation platforms, including messenger RNA (mRNA)-based technologies, and paved the way for the future of mRNA-based therapeutics to provide protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. Multiple vaccines have been developed at an unprecedented pace to protect against COVID-19 worldwide. However, important knowledge gaps remain to be addressed, especially in terms of how vaccines induce immunogenicity and efficacy in those who are elderly. Here, we discuss the various vaccine platforms that have been utilized to combat COVID-19 and emphasize how these platforms can be a powerful tool to react quickly to future pandemics.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12spc
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• pp.726-731
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• 2021

Due to the COVID-19 pandemics, Romanian schools functioned online since March 2020, with more or less all school activities being implemented online, using the digital resources and technology. Although none of the key factors involved in education (teachers, pupils, parents) were prepared (emotionally, technically, economically etc.), online education was imposed ad a necessity to continue the teaching-learning-evaluation process, and teachers at all school levels were forced to rapidly adapt to online schooling. In this paper, we aim to investigate the perception of all three educational actors (pupils, parents and teachers) regarding the efficacy of online teaching and learning, based on a survey with 7701 respondents. Research data is relevant for online schooling in Romania between March 2020 and March 2021.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2022

Due to the COVID-19 pandemics, Romanian schools functioned online since March 2020, with more or less all school activities being implemented online, using the digital resources and technology. Although none of the key factors involved in education (teachers, pupils, parents) were prepared (emotionally, technically, economically etc.), online education was imposed ad a necessity to continue the teaching-learning-evaluation process, and teachers at all school levels were forced to rapidly adapt to online schooling. In this paper, we aim to investigate the perception of all three educational actors (pupils, parents and teachers) regarding the efficacy of online teaching and learning, based on a survey with 7701 respondents. Research data is relevant for online schooling in Romania between March 2020 and March 2021.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.359-363
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• 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic that occurred in 2020 had an impact on nearly every organization, including the technology-oriented ones. The effects have ranged from minimal hazards to serious interruptions, but also thriving enterprises, depending on the various industry areas of the companies. During this period, the ability to move quickly and to be resilient have been necessary for survival. To fight the pandemic, software developers worldwide had come up with several technological developments and advancements. This paper will focus on the changes COVID-19 brought to software development, the processes that software firms followed during the pandemic, and any recommendations needed to help software development during pandemics.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.202-204
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• 2020

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.106-108
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• 2020

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.65-89
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• 2020

Humankind has experienced various changes in the pandemic of the Covid-19 for some months from the winter of 2019. The Church and Christians also have witnessed the changes and results of the pandemic in their Christian life and meetings such as worship, Bible study, prayer meeting, personal spiritual activities, and so on. Humans have encountered different kinds of pandemics throughout history. 1918-Influenza is an example, and the Pest(the Black Death) of the 14th century is another. What did the Christian Church do in the pandemics? This study focuses especially on the spiritual matters of each case and era. This study explores the well-known cases of pandemics in history and reflects on the Christian spiritual responses and its lessons. The three points this study raises are the life and attitude of the spiritual figures, the practice of silence, and the social aspect of the Christian spirituality in this time of the pandemic.