• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 1997

the exocrine pancreatic secretion is an important factor in the maintenance of zinc homeostasis. The daily pancreatic secretion of zinc into the gastrointestinal tract may be two or more times the daily dietary zinc intake. The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of proteins and zinc in pancreatic/biliary fluid following intraperitoneal {TEX}${65}^Zn${/TEX} injection into dietary prepared Sprague-Dawly rats. Distribution of zinc-binding protein in Sephadex G-75 subfractions showed a peak corresponding to the high molecular weight protein standard(<66kDa) in the pancreatic/biliary fluid. Zinc also was associated with the 29~35kDa mole-cular weight proteins. These are similar in size with zinc-containing enzymes, carboxypeptidase A and car-boxypeptidase B. A more remarkable small molecular weight fraction eluted beyond the 6.5kDa standard pro-tein peak. These results show the presence of small molecular weight compound in pancreatic/biliary fluid associated with zinc . These small molecular weight compounds may serve as zinc-binding ligands for the secretion of enogenous zinc into the duodenum. These findings suggest that these lignads may dissociate zinc in the duodenum thus making it vulnerable to complexation with phytate in the upper gastrointestinal tract rendering the zinc unavailable for reabsorption.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.219-232
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• 1989

본 연구는 닭에 있어서 사료성분에 대한 췌장소화효소(amylase. trypsinogen 및 chymotrypsinogen) 분비기구에 대해서 검토했다. 먼저, 췌효소분비의 단기응답실험에 유용한 새로운 췌액채취법을 개발했다. 이 방법을 이용해서 아미노산 및 glucose를 날개정맥으로 투여한 결과 phenylalanine만이 trypsinogen 및 Chymotrypsinogen이 증가되었지만 그 외의 아미노산 및 glucose에 의해서는 분비증가 효과가 없었다. Cholecystokinin(CCK)투여 에 의해 췌효소분필는 즉각적으로 높은 분비반응을 보였으며, 이 반응은 또한 농도의존성을 나타냈다. CCK투여는 chymotrypsinogen의 쪽이 amylase 및 trypsinogen보다 높은 비율로 분비되는 선택적인 분비반응을 나타냈다. 아미노산과 CCK을 공동투여하면 첨가한 아미노산의 종류에 따라 췌효소분비반응은 여러 가지 형태로 증가되었지만 glucose와의 공동투여에서는 CCK 단독투여와 비교해서 차가 없었다. Valine과 arginine을 여러 가지 농도로 CCK와 공동 투여한 결과, valnine에서는 0.5mM일때, arginin에서는 5mM일때 가장 높은 분비반응을 보였다. 위의 결과로부터 아미노산의 조합에 의한 췌효소분비반응에 대해서 검토했다. 즉, 아미노산 mixture, threonine＋phenylalanine＋isoleucine, Threonine＋phenylalanine, threonine＋isoleucine 및 phenylalanine＋isoleucine과 CCK를 공동투여 했다. 각 물질을 투여한 후 50분간 분비한 효소를 비교하면, threonine＋phenylalanine에 의한 췌효소분비반응은 아미노산 mixture에 의한 분비반응과 동일하게 높은 반응을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 닭에 있어서 췌장소화효소분비는 CCK와 아미노산의 사이에 협동작용이 있으며, 그 협동작용은 아미노산의 종류에 따라 선택적인 분비반응을 함으로써 장내소화가 진행된다고 본다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1979

The effect of maltitol admininstration to rat was studied on breakdown of ${\alpha}-glycoside$ linkage with intestinal mucosa or pancreatic enzymes and induction of hepatic polyol dehydrogenase activities. Maltitol was contained as 13% or 26% in diet, and was administrated to rat for 9 weeks. This report carried out that ${\alpha}-glycoside$ linkage of maltitol was not hydrolyzed with pancreatic enzymes and intestinal mucosa. Maltitol dehydrogenase was not obeserved in liver cytoplasm, and hepbtic sorbitol dehydrogenase was not induced by maltitol administsation. Also, the effect of maltitol on aging of aluminum hydroxide gel, prepared by the reaction of aluminum chloride solution with strong ammonia solution to final pH 7.0, was studied by potentiometric titration, pH and acid-consuming capacity. Gel containing 1% or 2% maltitol was lost less than 2% of their acid-consuming capacity during a 120 days aging period compared with a loss of more than for an identical gel without maltitol and gel containing 0.5% maltitol.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.409-416
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• 2009

Acute pancreatitis is a multifactorial disease associated with the premature activation of digestive enzymes. The genes expressed in pancreatic acinar cells determine the severity of the disease. The present study determined the differentially expressed genes in pancreatic acinar cells treated with cerulein as an in vitro model of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were stimulated with $10^{-8}$ M cerulein for 4 h, and genes with altered expression were identified using a cDNA microarray for 4,000 rat genes and validated by real-time PCR. These genes showed a 2.5-fold or higher increase with cerulein: lithostatin, guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, cathepsin C, progestin-induced protein, and pancreatic trypsin 2. Stathin 1 and ribosomal protein S13 showed a 2.5-fold or higher decreases in expression. Real-time PCR analysis showed time-dependent alterations of these genes. Using commercially available antibodies specific for guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, and cathepsin C, a time-dependent increase in these proteins were observed by Western blotting. Thus, disturbances in proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton arrangement, enzyme activity, and secretion may be underlying mechanisms of acute pancreatitis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant defense system of cinnamaldehyde in normal, diabetic rats and its possible protection of pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells against its gradual loss under diabetic conditions. In vitro free radical scavenging effect of cinnamaldehyde was determined using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl), superoxide radical, and nitric oxide radical. Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats were orally administered with cinnamaldehyde at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, the levels of plasma lipid peroxides and antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were determined. A significant increase in the levels of plasma glucose, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, and lipid peroxides and significant decrease in the levels of plasma insulin and reduced glutathione were observed in the diabetic rats. Also the activities of pancreatic antioxidant enzymes were altered in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The altered enzyme activities were reverted to near-normal levels after treatment with cinnamaldehyde and glibenclamide. Histopathological studies also revealed a protective effect of cinnamaldehyde on pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells. Cinnamaldehyde enhances the antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species produced under hyperglycemic conditions and thus protects pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells against their loss and exhibits antidiabetic properties.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.831-838
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• 1996

STZ 유발 당뇨쥐에 날메밀, 볶은메밀, 찐메밀을 식이의 50%가 되도록 각각 혼합한 메밀식 이를 급여하여 2주간 사육시킨 후 변의 단백질 함량, 췌장무게, 췌장의 $\alpha-amylase,$ chymotrypsin, lipase환성 및 변의 $\alpha-amylase,$ chymotrypsin, trypsin 활성을 각각 측정하였다. 변중 단백질 함량은 당뇨대조군에 비하여 당뇨날메밀군, 당뇨볶은메밀군, 당뇨찐메밀군에서 각각 99%, 91%, 103% 유의적으로 증가하였으며 , 췌장 무게는 당뇨대조군과 비교하여 당뇨날메밀군에서 24% 유의적으로 증가하였다. 췌장의 $\alpha-amylase$ 및 lipase 환성은 당뇨대조군과 당뇨메밀군들 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 chymotrypsin 활성은 당뇨찐메밀군에서 45% 유의적으로 감소하였다. 변의 $\alpha-amylase활성은$ 당뇨대조군과 당뇨메밀군들 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, chymotrypsin 활성은 모든 당뇨메밀군들에서, trypsin 활성은 당뇨볶은메밀군에서 유의적으로 증가하였다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1980

[${\alpha}$]-Amylase catalyses the hydrolysis of starch, glycogen, and related poly- and oligosac-charide by random cleavage of ${\alpha}$-D-(l-4) glucan linkage. In man large amounts of amylase are secreted into the digestive tract by the salivary and exocrine pancreatic gland, minimal amount being produced also in other tissues. It has been known that ${\alpha}$-amylase exists in multiple molecular forms, isoenzyme which can be separated from each other because of difference in their physicochemical properties. By using various methods, several groups of investigator have separated the many isoenzyme in serum, saliva and pancreatic juice. Furthermore, changes of the normal serum isoenzyme pattern is diagnostically useful even when the total serum enzyme activity is noninformative, such as the clinical use of isoenzyme of serum lactate dehydrogenase. Procarboxypeptidase-A which is one of the pancreatic enzymes is also present as isoenzymes. Four forms of procarboxypeptidase-A haye been found in the bovine enzyme and three forms of the porcine enzyme. In human pancreatic juice four forms of procarboxypeptidase-A isoenzyme were found by isoelectric focusing method. Recently, the so-called isoamylase analysis was developed for the diagnostic use of amylase in pancreatic diseases. In alcohotic patients, the serum concentration of pancreatic isoamylase is subnormal and this lowered activity provides strong evidence for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the variations of the isoenzyme of amylase and procarboxypeptidase-A in serum, saliva and pancreatic juice of the experimental animals. The results are as follow. 1) Three main forms of isoenzyme of amylase by isoelectric focusing were found in pancreatic juice of normal rabbit. However, many new bands were appeared in the pancreatic juice of cholic acid administered animal intravenously while the infusion of cholic acid or elastase into pancreatic duct produced the decrease of number of the fractions on the isoelectric focusing. In the case of serum isoenzyme from normal animal, two major and a few minor isoamylases were observed. By injecting alcohol intravenousely the fractions of serum isoamylase were significantly decreased and in contrary to the pattern in the pancreatic juice the infusion of cholic acid or elastase into pancreatic duct exhitited a significant decrease of the isoenzyme of amylase fractions. In saliva from normal animal three main isoamylase were produced of the administration of alcohol. 2) In the case of procarboxypeptidase-A isoenzyme, two major fractions which have isoelectric point at 6.2 and 6.4 and other two minor bands were observed in the pancreatic juice of normal rabbit. By the treatment of the juice with trypsin, only one band was produced on the isoelectric focusing. No procarboxypeptidase was appeared on the electrofocusing by the infusion of cholic acid or phospholipase A into the pancreatic duct of rabbit. However, a single major fraction of procarboxypeptidase-A was appeared at 3 hr after simple ligation of the pancreatic duct. No significant changes were observed in the juice of the alcohol or cholic acid administered group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.711-719
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• 2000

The characteristics of the exocrine pancreatic secretions in pigs and its hormonal regulation as influenced by dietary lipids are reviewed. There is clear evidence that the secretion of lipolytic enzymes is positively correlated with the amount of fat consumed by the pig. For example, there was an increase in the specific lipase activity by 83% after the dietary fat content was increased from 5% to 25%. Moreover, it was shown that also the quality of fat has an influence on exocrine pancreatic secretions. Peroxidized canola oil stimulated total lipase secretion much more than non-peroxidized oil. The influence of fatty acid composition on exocrine pancreatic secretions is discussed equivocally. Some authors showed that saturated fats stimulated the exocrine pancreatic secretions more than unsaturated. Others showed that the chain length of fatty acids had a strong influence on pancreatic secretions as well. Due to the different surgical methods used for sampling of pancreatic juice and wide variety of fats and oils used in these studies, direct comparisons between studies are extremely difficult to make. Plasma levels of hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin (NT) and peptide YY (PYY) are influenced by the nutrient composition of the diet. With increasing amounts of fat present in the small intestine, the release of these hormones was stimulated. There is evidence that CCK release is dependent on the chain length of the fatty acids. Medium chain triglycerides stimulated the CCK release more than long chain triglycerides. Neurotensin was released more by unsaturated than by saturated fatty acids; similar results were observed for the PYY release. However, results are contradictory and further investigations are warranted that focus on the underlying mechanisms involved in the regulatory response of the exocrine pancreas to lipids of different origin.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1241-1248
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• 2023

Objective: To evaluate the role of percutaneous pancreatic stent placement in postoperative pancreaticojejunostomy stenosis (PJS). Materials and Methods: This retrospective single-center study included seven procedures in five patients (four males and one female; median age, 63 years) who underwent percutaneous pancreatic stent placement for postoperative PJS between January 2005 and December 2021. The patients were referred to interventional radiology because of unfavorable anatomy or bowel abnormalities. The pancreatic duct was accessed under ultrasound and/or computed tomography guidance. A stent was placed after balloon dilatation of the PJS. Moreover, plastic stents were placed for the first two procedures, whereas bare-metal stents were used for the remaining five procedures. Technical success was defined as the successful placement of stents for the PJS, meanwhile, clinical success was defined as the normalization of pancreatic enzymes without recurrence of pancreatitis. Results: Pancreatic duct access and stent placement were successfully performed in all patients (technical success rate: 100%). All the procedures initially yielded clinical success. However, recurrence of pancreatitis was observed after two procedures that used plastic stents because of stent migration at 0.3 and 3 months after the procedure. In contrast, no instances of recurrent pancreatitis were noted after metal stent placement for a follow-up duration of 1-36 months. No serious procedure-related adverse events were observed. Conclusion: Percutaneous pancreatic stent placement may be a viable option for patients with postoperative PJS in whom an endoscopic approach is not feasible. Metal stents may be considered over plastic stents for the management of PJS, considering the possible lower stent migration and infeasibility of frequent endoscopic stent exchange due to the altered anatomy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1303-1313
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• 2017

Objective: This study evaluated the change and function of the pancreas, and small intestine in relation to growth performance of broilers on diets supplemented with raw soybean meal (RSBM) and protease. Samples of test ingredients and diets, after mixing and prior to being used were also assessed on contents of anti-nutritional factors. Methods: A $3{\times}3$ factorial study was used, with three levels of RSBM (commercial soybean meal [SBM] was replaced by RSBM at 0, 10%, or 20%) and protease (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 g/kg). Each treatment was replicated six times with nine birds per replicate. Birds were housed in cages, in climate-controlled room and fed starter, grower and finisher diets. Results: Levels of trypsin inhibitors in the diets, containing varying levels of RSBM ranged between 1,730.5 and 9,913.2 trypsin inhibitor units/g DM. Neither RSBM nor protease supplementation in diets significantly affected (p>0.05) the body weight of broilers in the entire periods (0 to 35-d). Increasing the level of RSBM in diets increased the weight of the pancreas at d 10 (p<0.000), d 24 (p<0.001), and d 35 (p<0.05). Increasing levels of RSBM in the diets reduced the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP), and amino acid (AA) at d 24. Increasing level of RSBM in the diets decreased (p<0.01) pancreatic protein content, but this was increased (p<0.05) when protease was added to the diets (0 to 10-d). Increasing the level of protease improved the pancreatic digestive enzymes, including trypsin (p<0.05), chymotrypsin (p<0.01), and general proteolytic enzymes (p<0.05). Conclusion: The commercial SBM could be replaced at up to 20% by RSBM for broilers. Although protease supplementation slightly improved the digestive enzymes, and the ileal digestibilities of CP and AA, the CP and AA were negatively affected by increasing RSBM.