• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 1989

Pain is a common and important clinical symptom, and treatments aimed at relieving pain have a central position in medical practice. Recently Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) has been effectively used to control acute and chronic conditions that produce pain. But the mechanism of analgesia resulting from TENS remains obscure. In order to investigate the analgesic effect of TENS and it's action mechanism, TENS was applied in 40 rabbits with different frequencies, low frequency (2Hz) and high frequency (100Hz), for 20 minutes. And the pain threshold was measured by the temperature before and after stimulation, and an attempt was made to antagonize the stimulation effect with naloxone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg) The results are as follows: 1) Both low frequency and high frequency TENS resulted in increasing the pain threshold significantly (Both p<0.01). 2) Naloxone pretreatment could antagonize the effect of increasing the pain threshold with low frequency TENS significantly (p<0.01), but not with high frequency TENS. Plasma beta-endorphin was measured by radioimmunoassay using an Beta-Endorphin Kit (Immunonuclear Corporation, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA) and Automatic Gamma Scintillation Counter (Micromedic System 4/2000) before and after stimulation. An attempt was made to reverse the stimulation effect with naloxone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg). The results are as follows: 1) Low frequency TENS resulted in increasing the level of plasma beta.endorphin significantly (p<0.01), but high frequency TENS did not. 2) Naloxone pretreatment could reverse the effect of increasing the plasma beta-endorphin level with low frequency TENS significantly (p<0.01).

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to verify the effect of roller acupuncture stimulation on baesu spots of joktaeyang bangkwang kyeong in the reaction to physiologic pain(heart rate, percutaneous oxygen saturation, respiration rate) in neonates. Method: This study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 40 normal neonates who were born at a hospital in Busan. These neonates were undergoing heel puncture for blood type tests. The neonates were divided into 2 groups: 20 in the experimental group who were stimulated with roller acupuncture before the heel puncture and 20 neonates in the control group who were not stimulated. The heart rate and percutaneous oxygen saturation were measured using a cardiopulmonary monitor and the respiration rate was measured directly. The data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 program using χ²-test, t-test and Repeated Measure ANOVA. Results: There was a significant difference (F=3.287, p=.043) for heart rate on the interaction between time and group. There was a significant difference (F=5.122, p=.008) for percutaneous oxygen saturation on the interaction between time and group. Conclusion: On the basis of results, it was verified that the roller acupuncture stimulation on baesu spots of joktaeyang bangkwang kyeong had effect of relieving pain in the neonates.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.501-508
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• 2008

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Clematidis Radix (CR)-distillates were investigated in three different pain animal models. Highly purified distillate of CR was injected to Zusanli (ST36) acupoint, called CR herb-acupuncture in the Korean traditional medicine. In tail flick latency test, the CR herb-acupuncture treatment did not show a significant effect of relieving acute phasic pain. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of CR herb-acupuncture, inflammatory pain was induced by subcutaneous injection of formalin to the plantar tissue or intra-articular injection of carrageenan to the tibio-tarsal joint in the rats. And the medicinal effect of CR herb-acupuncture was evaluated by analyzing pain behavior such as licking or biting behavior, or by measuring weight distribution ratio between two foot and ankle circumference. In the rat formalin test, the analgesic effect of CR herb-acupuncture was more pronounced in the late phase (for 20 min after the early phase) than in the early phase (for the first 10 min post formalin injection). It also significantly alleviated the carrageenan-induced monoarthritis, in terms of weight distribution ratio and ankle edema. These results revealed that CR herb-acupuncture was effective to treat the inflammatory pain and could be used as an analgesic treatment with an antiinflammatory effect.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to find out relationship between "Yakjing" and the textbook of herbology. Conclusions are as below. 1. The herbs of accumulation of poison(結毒) generally show cold nature and have a reducing effect, which resemble the method of treating accumulation and stagnation. 2. The herbs of muscular contracture(攣) show sweet taste and tonifying effect, fall on the spleen and the stomach and have acts of treating urgency, relieving pain and conciliating, which resemble the method of treating urgency(急)and pain from accumulation and stagnation. 3. The herbs of water poisons(水毒) are categorized as those of cold nature and dampness and we can find out that water poisons is related to cold nature. 4. The herbs of feverish feeling(煩) treat heat. 5. The herbs of cardiothoracic part have an effect of regulating Gi and treat the phlegm disease.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was done to compare edema and pain after completing a nurse's daily shift and to examine the effects of self leg massage which was usually used for reducing nurses' lower extremity edema and pain after their shift. Methods: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Study subjects were 81 nurses who took a self leg massage program created by the researcher. Self leg massage was done 15 times during 3 weeks. Data were collected from September 21 to October 31, 2007. The level of lower extremity edema was measured by ankle and calf circumference by a tapeline in cm and the pain score was measured by using a subjective numbering rating scale. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 12.0 program using statistics of repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in pain according to the department. There was a statistically significant difference in lower extremity edema and pain in nurses after their shift and self leg massage. Conclusion: Self leg massage was effective for relieving nurses' lower extremity edema and pain. Therefore, it is proposed that standardized self leg massage should be applied as a method for nurses' lower extremity edema and pain.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.310-318
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• 2020

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve among the peripheral nerves, and the damage to the sciatic nerve is caused by mechanical and physical pressure. This is an important disease that consumes a lot of time and money in the treatment process. Among them, research on relieving nerve pain caused by damage to the peripheral sciatic nerve has been made efforts to prevent and treat this disease through various methods such as drugs, natural products, electrical stimulation, exercise therapy, and massage. Existing treatments are not very effective in neurological pain, and countermeasures are needed. Forsythia Fructus, used in this study, has been used as a therapeutic agent for infectious diseases and a pain reliever for cancer from the past, and in past studies, it has been known to properly control the inflammatory response. In this study, rengyolone, a physiologically active substance of Forsythiae Fructus, was administered to rats that caused chronic left nerve pain to verify the pain relief effect. As a result of the experiment, it was found that mechanical pain and cold stimulation pain were significantly reduced in the rengyolone-treated group compared to the non-administered group. In addition, it was found that nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA expression was significantly reduced and Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdc2) expression was increased in the rengyolone administration group. This increase in NGF expression is thought to be related to rengyolone's anti-inflammatory regulatory mechanism. It is expected that the reduced NGF was directly involved in pain relief.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.15-20
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• 2021

PURPOSE: This study examined the influence of treadmill exercise with initial pain control using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on induced pain of knee osteoarthritis in rats. METHODS: Thirty adult male Sprague - Dawley rats were divided randomly into the TENS Group (TG, n = 10), Treadmill Exercise Group (TEG, n = 10), and Treadmill with TENS Group (TTG, n = 10). In the TG, TENS was performed for 20 min per day for two weeks with a TENS program at the knee joint. The TEG performed treadmill exercise 15 m/min for 20 min per day for two weeks. The TTG performed initial pain control by TENS program during the 1st ~ 3rd days, and treadmill exercise was performed using the TEG methods from the 4th day. The lumbar spine was extracted and processed using western blot analysis to evaluate pain (c-fos expression). RESULTS: The results showed that c-fos expression was decreased significantly in all groups after each intervention (p < .05). In particular, TTG produced the most significant decrease compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that treadmill exercise with initial pain control using TENS is a suitable method for relieving pain in knee osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.119-125
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• 2012

Objectives : Rotator cuff tear is a common disease that causes shoulder pain and disability. Sometimes surgical treatment is demanded and appropriate rehabilitation is also needed to provide functional recovery. This report is intended to estimate the effect of oriental treatment for the patients in rotator cuff surgery rehabilitation period. Methods : From 29th October, 2012 to 13th November, 2012, One male patient who received rotator cuff surgery was treated with acupuncture, pharmacopuncture and herbal medication. NRS and ROM were evaluated to demonstrate the effect of treatment. Results : The patient showed the improvement in shoulder pain and ROM. Conclusion : Oriental treatments such as acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, herbal medication can be effective for relieving pain and increasing ROM in rotator cuff surgery rehabilitation period.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.356-364
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• 2005

Purpose: This study is to assess and compare the analgegic effects of $25\%$ sucrose coating pacifier and pacifier. Method: The participants are 75 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7 days and randomized to receive heel prick before 2 minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of A Medical Center from 24. January to 28, February, 2003. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups: no treatment, a pacifier, $25\%$ sucrose coating pacifier. Collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 11.0 program using $x^2$-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe, repeated mesured ANOVA. Results: The pain score of $25\%$ sucrose coating pacifier is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group. In heart rate, there were statistical significant differences between three groups. In repiratory rate, there were no statistical significant differences between three groups. In $SaO_2$, there were statistical significant difference between three groups. Conclusion: The $25\%$ sucrose coating pacifier showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and heart rate and $SaO_2$. Accordingly, the sucrose coating pacifier should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Positional Release Therapy on patients of neck pain, Methods: 12 patients was treated by Positional Release Therapy(PRT) combined with acupuncture, We measured the Visual Analog Scale(VAS) and Neck Disability Index(NDI) before and after treatment The statistical analysis was performed by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: 1. Patients showed significant improvement in VAS after treatrnent(p<0.05). 2. Patients showed significant improvement in NDI after treatment(p<0.05). Conclusion: These results imply that Positional Release Therapy combined with acupuncture would be effective on relieving pain and increasing functional ability in daily-life of patients of neck pain.