• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2007

Complex Regional Pain Syndromes (CRPS) type I and type II are neuropathic pain conditions that are being increasingly recognized in children and adolescents. The special distinctive features of pediatric CRPS are the milder course, the better response to treatment and the higher recurrence rate than that of adults and the lower extremity is commonly affected. We report here on a case of pediatric CRPS that was derived from ankle trauma and long term splint application at the left ankle. The final diagnoses were CRPS type I in the right upper limb, CRPS type II in the left lower limb and unclassified neuropathy in the head, neck and precordium. The results of various treatments such as medication, physical therapy and nerve blocks, including lumbar sympathetic ganglion blocks, were not effective, so implantation of a spinal cord stimulator was performed. In order to control the pain in his left lower limb, one electrode tip was located at the 7th thoracic vertebral level and two electrode tips were located at the 7th and 2nd cervical vertebral levels for pain control in right upper limb, head, neck and right precordium. After the permanent insertion of the stimulator, the patient's pain was significantly resolved and his disabilities were restored without recurrence. The patient's pain worsened irregularly, which might have been caused by psychological stress. But the patient has been treated with medicine at our pain clinic and he is being followed up by a psychiatrist. (Korean J Pain 2007; 20: 60-65)

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2009

Objectives: Chronic pain is one of the most common experiences of humans and a typical psychophysiological disorder. The aim of this study was to measure the psychophysiological responses in chronic pain patients using a biofeedback system, and to compare them with the results from normal healthy subjects. Methods: Forty two patients with chronic pain (17 males and 25 females, average age $44.67{\pm}11.10$ years) and 42 normal healthy controls (17 males and 25 females, average age $45.17{\pm}10.46$ years) participated in this study. Electromyography (EMG), skin conductance (SC), and skin temperature (ST) were recorded using biofeedback system during the 3 phases (baseline, stress, and recovery) of stress reactivity test, and average values of them were calculated. Difference of values between two groups in each corresponding phase was analyzed with independent t-test, and change of values across phases of stress reactivity test was analyzed with paired t-test (all two-tailed, p<0.05). Results: Compared to normal controls, chronic pain patients had higher value of EMG (baseline: $8.10{\pm}5.97{\mu}V$ vs $4.72{\pm}1.52{\mu}V$, t=-3.56, p<0.01; stress: $11.25{\pm}6.89{\mu}V$ vs $8.49{\pm}4.78{\mu}V$, t=-2.13, p<0.05; recovery: $7.12{\pm}3.77{\mu}V$ vs $4.78{\pm}1.59{\mu}V$, t=-3.70, p<0.01) and SC (baseline: $1.06{\pm}1.0{\mu}S$ vs $0.42{\pm}0.29{\mu}S$, t=-4.0. p<0.01; stress: $1.87{\pm}2.05{\mu}S$ vs $1.03{\pm}0.86{\mu}S$, t=-2.47, p<0.05; recovery: $1.74{\pm}1.77{\mu}S$ vs $0.64{\pm}0.59{\mu}S$, t=-3.8, p<0.01) in all the 3 phases. But, skin temperature comparison did not reveal significant differences in all the 3 phases between two groups. Conclusion: Psychophysiological responses of chronic pain patients in stress reactivity test were different from those of normal healthy controls. These results suggest that sympathetic nervous system is more activated in chronic pain patients.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 1989

Steroid and local anesthetics were injected into the epidural space through the posterior sacral foramen or lumbar approach in 4 patients for the purposes of relieving severe low back pain and radiculopathy. These patients were referred from other sections dealing with low back pain and radiculopathy, because one could not tolerate the surgical stress due to a heart problem, another two did not want the operation and the last had post-laminectomy status. All patients were satisfied with the results subjectively.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.144-150
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• 2003

Back pains include pain in one or both side costa portion and lateral abdomen. There are different kinds of flank-related disease such as intercostal nerve pain, chronic gastritis, duodenitis, herpes zoster, pepticulcer, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and so on. Back pain arises from pathological abnormal activities. On the other hand psychogenic pains are caused by psychogenic factors without pathological abnormal activities. This is similar to KiWol back pain, which resulted from psychogenic factors like stress, anxiety, anger and etc. In oriental medicine, KiWol is the state of depression of Ki, and Shihosogansan used to treat the back pain diagnosed as stagnation of the liver Ki. So, we decided to apply Shihosogansan to a patient who suffered from back pain diagnosed as stagnation of the liver Ki. Therefore the patient treated with Shihosogansan and improved in consciousness symptoms, so we report it for the better treatment.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.5-18
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• 2002

Purpose: Women have been often underdiagnosed and undertreated when they have as high mortality as men of ischemic heart disease, such as angina. One of the reasons of women's under treatment is associated with either vague, non-traditional symptoms or longer delay in seeking professional help when they experience ischemic heart disease. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of women's anginal pain induced by the treadmill test and to explore the potential relationship(s) between anginal pain and other psycho-physiologic factors. Methods: Of 22 female patients referred to treadmill test, 7 with positive finding participated in this study. Anginal pain in the past was analyzed by Rose questionnaire, whereas anginal pain induced by the treadmill test was identified by McGill pain scale, visual analogue scale and present pain index. Results: Women expressed more heaviness than sharp pain, and complained splitting more often than subjects in previous study that included both men and women. Pain intensity by VAS $3.64{\pm}3.94$, Pain rating index was $5.14{\pm}7.29$, present pain index was $1.57{\pm}1.81$, duration of pain was $5.14{\pm}4.8$ min. Exercise intensity was $6.0{\pm}4.63$ METs, exercise duration was $364.29{\pm}141.39$ sec, ST change was -2.0mm and rate of perceived exertion was $16.29{\pm}2.06$. The relationships between pain intensity and pain duration, ST segment changes were significant. Correlation among pain measures was significant. Conclusion: Generalization of these pilot findings may be inappropriate, and therefore, further larger study is needed.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.395-408
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• 1997

Generally, the major causative factor of halitosis is thought to be a sulfated compounds. Clusterin, a sulfated glycoprotein-2(SGP-2), composed of two disulfide linked subunits. It is conceivable that clusterin might be one of candidated causing halitosis. We assume that clusterin found in the salivary glands under stress conditions might examine clusterin in the salivary glands under stress conditions. For this study, 24 rats were divided into 2 group : 1)18 rats of group I were bathed in cold water for 30 seconds twice a day 2) 6 rats of group II were selected as a control. The animals were sacrified at day 0,3,5,7,10, and 14 of the experiment and the submandibular glands and parotid glands were removed. RNAs were purified from the salivary glands and the transcription of clusterin in the glands was measured by Northern blot analysis. The specimens of the salivary glands were subjected to Hematoxillin-Eosin and PAS stainings and examined under the light microscope. The findings were as follows : 1. In group I, clusterin was expressed remarkably in the submandibular glands at day 5 but in the parotid glands remarkably at day 3 day slightly at day 7. 2. No significant histologic change was found in the salivary glands except that acini were slightly apart from each other under the cold stress condition.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.17-28
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• 2010

Objectives : This study is to evaluate the quality of life and amount of stress after the treatment among the patients who visited hospital due to traffic accident. Methods : We evaluated 40 patients who have been treated by western medicine for 3 months but showed no improvements. We surveyed VNRS, SF-36 and IES-R-K scores before treatment began and treated patients twice a week for 4 weeks with acupuncture, chuna theraphy, herbal medicine. After 4 weeks of treatment, we surveyed VNRS, SF-36 and IES-R-K scores again and compared with the scores of before treatment. Results : VNRS score and SF-36 scale and IES-R-K scale showed significant improvement after the treatment, compared to the treatment before. Conclusions : The amount of pain and stress, physical condition, all showed improvement among the patients who came to Oriental medicine hospital due to traffic accident.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.261-273
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to introduce effects of Chukyu pharmacopuncture and Brainspotting on knee pain, headaches, and acute stress disorder of a patient with a traffic accident. We treated a patient with Chukyu pharmacopuncture and Brainspotting. Numerical rating scale (NRS), Range of Motion (ROM), Hyperextension Position (HEP), Effusion (Eff), Patella Compression Test (PCT), Frontal Flexion Position (FFP), McMurray (MCM), Lateral Joint Line Tenderness (LJLT), Medial Joint Line Tenderness (MJLT), Anterior Drawer Test (ADT), Lachman Test, Varus/Valgus stress, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Core Seven Emotions Inventory Short Form (CSEI-S), Subjective units of disturbance scale (SUDs), and Heart rate variability (HRV) were used to evaluate the patient. After the patient was treated by Chukyu pharmacopuncture and Brainspotting, the patient showed improvement in NRS, physical examination, and psychological symptom assessment. These results indicate that Chukyu pharmacopuncture and Brainspotting are effective on knee pain, headache, and acute stress disorder after a traffic accident.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2023

Objective: Despite known associations between negative body image and health declines in chronic pain patients, few studies have examined longitudinal associations between psychological stress and perceived hand deformities. This study examined whether psychological distress was associated with hand deformities 4 years later and if rural and urban adults differed in the association. Design: A community-based cohort study. Methods: Community dwelling adults (mean age=51.97, 52.3% women) in a rural (n=2968) and urban area (n=2784) provided demographic data at baseline and, in the 4-year follow-up, responded to questionnaires about psychological distress. Perceived hand deformities were assessed at the 8-year follow-up. Linear regression was conducted to examine the effects of psychological distress on hand deformities and moderation by residential areas. Results: The perceived hand deformities were more likely among those with severe psychological stress, hand osteoarthritis, or any chronic disease condition (p<0.01) but less likely among those with younger age, higher education, or income (p<0.01). The regression results showed that psychological distress predicted more perceived hand deformities 4 years later even after adjusting for demographic and health covariates (p<0.01). The residential areas did not significantly moderate the association between distress and hand deformities. Conclusions: This study suggected that psychological distress may trigger later perception of hand deformities in both urband and rural adults. The findings indicate that stress management interventions that are customizable to regional contexts may be effective at preventing negative body image related health problems of community-dewelling adults.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 1990

This study was carried out to measure the degree of work-related stress and to identify factors influencing the excessive stress among clinical physical therapists. One thousand and five physical therapists surveyed nationwide met the established criteria for inclusion in the study. The respondents were an average age of 27.1 years, $34.5\%$ were married, and $61.2\%$ were female. Most of the respondent $(48.1\%)$ worked in local clinics. The average stress score was 50.9. Analysis-of-variance test demonstrated significant difference in the degree of stress among treatment facilities. There was a significant relationship between treatment facilities (general hospital, local hospital, clinic), number of patients treated per day, job satisfaction, low back pain and work-related stress, respectively. Work-related stress was unrelated to matters of sex, marital status, education. Hospital administrators, physical therapydirectors, directors, and individual therapists should work within their organizations to reduce work stress and its detrimental effects. Further research is necessary to investigate preventive measures to decrease the work-related stress.