• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.284-292
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• 2001

This study is an attempt to analyze concept of pain and to do it according to a series of concept development processes described by Walker and Avant. Based on the results of the study, the attributes, scope, precedences and consequences of pain were identified : 1. The attributes of pain were subjectivity, unpleasantness, expression, experience, response, and sensitivity. 2. The scope of pain were physical, psychological, and socio-cultural. 3. The following were precedences of pain : 1) Internal or external noxious stimuli 2) actual or potential injury or damage to body and/or mind 3) noxious stimulation or aversive sensation is perceived as pain 4. The following were consequences of pain : 1) physical, psychological, socio-cultural response 2) verbal and/or non-verbal communication 3) coping and self-preservation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.18-23
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• 2010

Background: Complications following lumbar transforaminal epidural injection are frequently related to inadvertent vascular injection of corticosteroids. Several methods have been proposed to reduce the risk of vascular injection. The generally accepted technique during epidural steroid injection is intermittent fluoroscopy. In fact, this technique may miss vascular uptake due to rapid washout. Because of the fleeting appearance of vascular contrast patterns, live fluoroscopy is recommended during contrast injection. However, when vascular contrast patterns are overlapped by expected epidural patterns, it is hard to distinguish them even on live fluoroscopy. Methods: During 87 lumbar transforaminal epidural injections, dynamic contrast flows were observed under live fluoroscopy with using digital subtraction enhancement. Two dynamic fluoroscopy fluoroscopic images were saved from each injection. These injections were performed by five physicians with experience independently. Accuracy of live fluoroscopy was determined by comparing the interpretation of the digital subtraction fluoroscopic images. Results: Using digital subtraction guidance with contrast confirmation, the twenty cases of intravascular injection were found (the rate of incidence was 23%). There was no significant difference in incidence of intravascular injections based either on gender or diagnosis. Only five cases of intravascular injections were predicted with either flash or aspiration of blood (sensitivity = 25%). Under live fluoroscopic guidance with contrast confirmation to predict intravascular injection, twelve cases were predicted (sensitivity = 60%). Conclusions: This finding demonstrate that digital subtraction fluoroscopic imaging is superior to blood aspiration or live fluoroscopy in detecting intravascular injections with lumbar transforaminal epidural injection.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 1999

PURPOSE; The main purpose of physical therapy is to minimize patient's pain. So this study aimed at evaluating the effect of PAS release applied to tender points in reducing pain of musculoskeletal lesion persons. METHOD; The PAS (capsicum plaster) Release applied at 48 tender points to relieve and assessment pain threshold by Harold Gottlieb's pain scale that was composed of Negligible sensation 4.00, Mild sensation 3.00, Moderate sensation 2.00, Severe sensation 1.00. RESULT; Results show that PAS release was 84.6% effect in achieving a gradual decrease of pain sensitivity at the tender points where it was applied, suggestion a cumulative analgesic effect through sessions. CONCLUSION; This study suggests that PAS release applied to tender points can be effective in relieving soft tissue pain through theses have not become asymptomatic, all referred significant pain relief(p <0.05) after study and at the end of PAS release therapy.

• 셀메드
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.18.1-18.4
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• 2015

Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological disorder in women of reproductive age. The prevalence of menstrual pain is relatively high and has been shown to be related to many factors like age, age at menarche, menstrual cycle regularity, parity, cigarette smoking, and dietary habits etc. This study was conducted to determine the possible link between dysmenorrhea and the factors related to it. We investigated the associated risk factors that could influence menstrual pain. This Cross Sectional Study was conducted at Dept. of OBG, NIUM, Bangalore. The study consisted of 230 women between the ages of 20 - 49 years. Included volunteers were newly married, nulliparious and parous women. The detailed reproductive history was recorded and was analyzed statistically. It was observed that there were only two factors that were influencing Dysmenorrhea namely the early age at menarche and increase parity. It was hypothesis that earlier start to reproductive life in some way decreases the sensitivity of the uterus to prostaglandin, whereas delayed menarche and postponing reproductive life increase sensitivity of the uterus to prostaglandins and cause severe menstrual pain. It is concluded that early age at menarche and high parity decrease menstrual pain.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.59-76
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• 2004

Objectives : The usage of acupuncture has gained popularity for certain chronic pain conditions. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in various diseases has not been fully established and the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to yangno$(SI_6)$ on the neuropathic pain was examined. Methods : A common source of persistent pain in human is a neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced by tight ligation of L5 spinal nerve. When rats developed pain behaviors, EA was applied for 30 min. under enflurane anesthesia with repeated train stimuli at the intensity of 10X of muscle twitch threshold. The foot withdraw latency of the hind limb was measured for an indicator of pain level after each manipulation. Results : EA increased the mechanical threshold of the foot in the rat model of neuropathic pain significantly for the duration of 1 hr. suggesting a partial alleviation of pain. EA applied to SI6 point produced a significant improvement of mechanical sensitivity of the foot lasting for at least 1 h. However, $ST_{36}$ point did not produce any significant increase of mechanical sensitivity. The improvement of mechanical threshold was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effort was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the neuropathic pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a point, $ST_{36}$. In addition, this analgesic effect of EA is mediated by a adrenergic mechanism of descending control of spinal cord from the brain. Conclusions : The data suggest that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the neuropathic pain model in the rat; and 2) that EA-induced analgesia is mediated by a adrenergic mechanism of descending control in a point specific manner.

• KIEE International Transaction on Systems and Control
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• 제2D권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

About two thirds of patients admitted to hospitals world-wide suffer from acute abdomen pains of varying degrees of severity. Acute abdomen pain due to appendicitis or pancreatitis usually requires urgent surgical treatment, whereas pain due to heart ischemia or enteroviral infection requires only drug treatment. In general, making an immediate decision about whether or not acute abdomen pain requires urgent surgery is very difficult. This decision becomes even more difficult when the patient is a young child who can't properly describe the abdominal pain. In this case, thermo-visual inspection can alternatively be used to decide whether urgent surgical treatment is necessary to cure the abdominal pain.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2022

Objectve: To inform a clinical usefulness of Nangan-geon (暖肝煎) decoction to treat a refractory abdominal pain especially in eldery. Methods: This case report presents an 85-year old male patient who had been suffered with a refractory abdominal pain without any abnormality in laboratory test and radiological examination for 5-years. The clinical outcome was observed by numerical rating scale (NRS) of self-reporting method. Results: Based on his previous multiple normal examination results from Western hospitals and clinical features including thin body (19.6 BMI), nocturnal pain around lower abdomen and cold-sensitivity, author diagnosed him as "deficiency and cold of liver-Qi (肝氣虛寒)" similar to intestinal spasm. After prescription with Nangan-geon (暖肝煎) for one month, all symptoms became improved notably (NRS 5), and almost completely recovered as a level of normal condition in 3 months (NRS 1). Conclusion: This study would show the potential of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) therapies for a refractory functional abdominal pain, and especially efficacy of Nangan-geon against cold-pattern of nonspecific abdominal pain in elderly patients.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.447-453
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• 2021

Background: Provocative discography (PD) is a test that is useful in diagnosing discogenic pain (DP). In this study, to diagnose DP, we used a posterolateral approach of needle placement and followed pressure criteria laid down by the Spine Intervention Society. The aim was to identify the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (desiccation, high intensity zone and change in shape and size of the disc) and the results of PD. Methods: Records of 50 patients who underwent PD for DP were analyzed. A total of 109 PDs were performed, with 54 suspect and 55 control discs. Alternate pain generators were ruled out. Results: A total of 35 suspect discs were positive on PD. The mean disc pressure in the suspect disc was 31.9 ± 7.9 psi (range, 15-44). Of the 50 patients who underwent PD, 35 had positive MRI findings. A significant positive correlation was found only between disc desiccation and discography result (r = 0.6, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that only desiccation successfully predicted the result of discography (OR = 26.5, P < 0.001); a high intensity zone and a disc protrusion/extrusion had an OR 2.3 and 1.24, respectively. Disc desiccation of Pfirmann grade 3 or more had a sensitivity and specificity of 0.93 and 0.64 respectively in identifying painful discs; the positive likelihood ratio was 2.58 while the negative likelihood ratio was 0.11. Conclusions: In patients with DP, disc desiccation is the most useful MRI feature that predicts a painful disc on PD.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.214-222
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• 2013

본 연구는 노인의 감각처리유형과 통증 파국화 수준과의 상관관계에 대하여 알아보고, 이를 통해 재활중재를 위한 기초자료로 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 65세 이상 노인 216명으로 하였다. 감각처리의 유형은 청소년/성인 감각프로파일을 사용하여 측정하였고, 통증의 심리적인 변인들은 통증파국화척도를 사용하여 측정하였다. 성별과 연령에 따른 차이는 t-검정을, 감각처리유형과 통증파국화와의 상관관계를 피어슨 상관분석을 실시하였다. 감각처리유형은 여성이 남성에 비해 '감각민감', '감각회피'의 경향이 높았으며(p<.05), 연령이 75세 이상인 군이 65~74세 군에 비해 '감각회피', '등록저하', '감각찾기'의 경향이 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 감각처리유형이 '등록저하'일 때 통증파국화의 '반추적사고'와 그리고 '감각찾기'일 때 통증 파국화의 '무력감'과 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. '감각민감', '감각회피' 일 때 통증파국화의 모든 항목에서 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 65세 이상 노인의 감각처리 유형은 통증에 대한 심리적인 변인과 관련되어 있으며, 성별과 연령에 따라 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 앞으로는 노인의 감각처리 유형 및 통증관련 요인들에 관한 더 진전된 연구가 이루어지기를 기대한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.195-199
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• 1999

Background: At present, there is no reliable objective test for the diagnosis of myofascial trigger points (MFTP). We evaluated the usefulness of skin resistance point finder for the diagnosis of MFTP. Methods: 40 subjects with clinical MFTPs at the upper trapezius muscle were included in this study. Using skin resistance point finder (UNIQUE S-2010$^{(R)}$, Seik medical, Korea), we tried to find out the point of low skin resistance. At three different current level, sensitivity and specificity of this method for the diagnosis of clinically identified MFTP was evaluated. Pressure threshold for pain of low skin resistance point was measured using Pressure Threshold Meter$^{(R)}$ (Pain Diagnostics and Thermography, U.S.A.). 3 groups of point detected at different current were compared in mean pressure threshold. Results: Fixed single current of skin resistance point finder showed variable sensitivity and specificity. But, by adjusting current level, skin resistance point finder detected all of 40 clinically identified MFTPs. Although it is partially statistically significant, the mean pressure threshold of points detected at high current was high. Conclusion: Skin resistance finder can be used as objective diagnostic tool of MFTPs. There is possibility that it can be useful in evaluating treatment effect. However, more investigation is necessary.