• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.189-197
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• 2022

Purpose: Pain perception is affected by a wide range of contributing factors, including biological, psychological, and social factors. Although the provision of visual information could have a modulatory effect on pain perception, it is unclear whether such a visual effect might vary depending on the anatomical site and stimulation type. This study aimed to analyze the modulatory effect of visual information on the perception of sharp and dull pain in the face and hand and to assess the influence of individual fear levels on modulatory visual information. Methods: A total of 68 healthy male and female volunteers were recruited for this study. Pressure and pricking pain with and without visual information were induced on the masseter and thenar muscles, and alterations in pain threshold were evaluated. The survey was conducted using the Geop-Pain Questionnaire (GPQ). Results: The pricking pain threshold of the hand was significantly elevated when viewing the stimulated hand. This result indicated that the provision of visual information could decrease sensitivity to sharp pain in the hand. However, when correlating the GPQ score with the alteration in thresholds induced by visual information, no significant correlation was observed between the GPQ score and the threshold difference induced by visual information. This finding showed that the visual effect was not significantly affected by the fear level. Conclusions: This study showed that the effect of visual information on the pain threshold could vary according to the anatomical site and stimulation type. A better understanding of such a modulatory effect on pain perception might be useful for clinicians during painful therapeutic procedures.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-111
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• 1984

The main purpose of this study is to develop a ratio scale measuring level of pain using Korean pain terms. The specific purposes of this study are to identify the degree of pain of each pain term in each subclass: to classify each subclass in terms of dimensions of pain; and to analyze factors of the Korean pain ratio scale clustering together. One hundred an4 fifty eight pain terms which were originally identified as representative terms and their synonyms were used for data collection. Fifty eight nursing professors ana sixty one medical doctors who have contacted with patients having pain were asked to rate the weight of each pain term on a visual analogue scale. Subclasses in which ranks of pain terms were same f s findings in two previous studies were 1) thermal 3 am 2) cavity pressure, 3) single stimulating pain, 4) radiation pain. and 5) chemical pain. Subclasses in which ranks of pain terms were confused were 1) incisive pressure, and 2) cold pain. Subclasses in which one new pain term was added were 1) inflammatory-repeated pain, 2) punctuate pressure, 3) constrictive pressure, 4) fatigue-related pressure, and 5) suffering-relate4 pain. Subclasses in which two new pain terms were added were 1) traction pressure, 2) peripheral nerve pain, 3) dull pain, 4) pulsation-related pain, 5) digestion-related pain, 6) tract pain, and 7) punishment-related pain. Subclass in which 3 new pain terms were included was fear-related pain. Rating scores of 5 words in 4 subclasses were significantly different between the normal group and the extreme group of subjects in terms of subjective rating. Only one word among 6 words was that newly added to the scale. Rating scores of 12 words in 9 subclasses were significantly different between doctor group and nursing professor group. Among these 12 words, only 3 were those newly added to the scale. In comparison of these 12 words, mean scores of the nursing professors were always 7 to 16 points higher than those of the medical doctors. In the analysis of judgement of subjects in terms of dimensions of pain terms, subclasses of dull pain, cavity pressure, tract pain and cold pain were suggested to be included in the miscellaneous dimension. As a result of factor analysis of the ratings given to 96 pain words using principal components analysis without iteration and with varimax rotation limiting the number of factors to 4, factors of severe pain (factor I) mild-moderate pain (factor II) , causative pain (factor III) and temperature-related pain(factor IV) were extracted with the factor loading above 0.388. When the pain words were re-arranged on the bases of factor loading above 0.368, number of factors decreased to only first two factors. Maximum score of pain word in factor II was 46.17 and the minimum score of the factor I was 45.36. Further studies are needed to identify the validity, reliability, sensitivity and practicability of this ratio scale using patients having various sources of pain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.317-325
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pre-warming on body temperature, anxiety, pain, and thermal comfort. Methods: Forty patients who were scheduled for abdominal surgery were recruited as study participants and were assigned to the experimental or control group. For the experimental group, a forced air warmer was applied for 45-90 min (M=68.25, SD=15.50) before surgery. Body temperature and anxiety were measured before and after the experiment, but pain and thermal comfort were assessed only after the surgery. Hypotheses were tested using t-test and repeated measured ANOVA. Results: The experimental group showed higher body temperature than the control group from right before induction to two hours after surgery. Post-operative anxiety and pain in the experimental group were less than those of the control group. In addition, the score of thermal comfort was significantly higher in the experiment group. Conclusion: Pre-warming is effective in maintaining body temperature, lowering sensitivity to pain and anxiety, and promoting thermal comfort. Therefore, pre-warming can be recommended as a preoperative nursing intervention.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 1995

We produced the causalgiform pain by the tight ligation of L5 and L6 spinal nerves in the adult rats. To evalute the effect of Ketamine -noncompetitive NMDA (N-methyl-D aspartate) antagoinst- on the causalgiform pain, we tested the changes of; withdrawal sensitivity to the innocuous mechanical stimulation of Von Frey hair 2.35 g(mechanical allodynia); withdrawal frequency to the cold stimulation of acetone (cold allodynia); and total withdrawal time (second) to the cold ($4^{\circ}C$) plate stimulation (cold hyperalgesia) after the administration of 1 mg, 3 mg, 10 mg/kg ketamine. The results were as follows: 1) Cold hyperalgesia was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by 1 mg, 3mg, 01 mg/kg ketamine. 2) Cold allodynia and mechanical allodynia was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by 10 mg/kg ketamine. Above results suggest a therapeutic utility of ketamine in treatment of causalgia - especially, cold hyperalgesia.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2014

Epidural adhesions cause pain by interfering with the free movement of the spinal nerves and increasing neural sensitivity as a consequence of neural compression. To remove adhesions and deliver injected drugs to target sites, percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis (PEA) is performed in patients who are unresponsive to conservative treatments. We describe four patients who were treated with a newly developed inflatable balloon catheter for more effective PEA and relief of stenosis. In the present patients, treatments with repetitive epidural steroid injection and/or PEA with the Racz catheter or the NaviCath did not yield long-lasting effects or functional improvements. However, PEA and decompression with the inflatable balloon catheter led to maintenance of pain relief for more than seven months and improvements in the functional status with increases in the walking distance. The present case series suggests that the inflatable balloon catheter may be an effective alternative to performing PEA when conventional methods fail to remove adhesions or sufficiently relieve stenosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.291-298
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• 2008

For many years beak trimming has been a controversial subject, particularly since the 1980's when the practice came under close scrutiny by animal welfare groups. In Australia it is considered an essential practice, averting losses of AUD$17.5m annually by reducing mortality from cannibalism. While mortality in flocks from cannibalism can be reduced from 25% of the flock to virtually nil, the beak trimming procedure is considered traumatic for the bird. This study examined if chronic pain in the beak was evident in birds 10, 20 and 60 weeks after being trimmed at hatch and in another group of birds, 8 and 52 weeks after being re-trimmed at 14 weeks. Chronic pain was assessed by measuring pecking behaviour and beak sensitivity responses. Pecking behaviour studies completed after beak trimming and re-trimming showed no evidence to indicate that birds were suffering severe chronic pain in the beak. Beak trimmed pullets pecked more at the cage and had more toe pecks, yet overall pecks made at the feed and the environment were no different than untrimmed controls. While the beak sensitivity studies provided evidence that the beak of birds trimmed at hatch and also re-trimmed at 14 weeks may be more sensitive there was no evidence that re-trimming resulted in a more sensitive beak than birds trimmed at hatch only. These studies have shown that birds which are beak trimmed and re-trimmed return to apparently normal feeding and pecking behaviour in the long term. However, there was limited evidence that beaks of trimmed birds have an altered threshold to potentially painful stimuli.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.328-344
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• 2000

YoungChu NonYong(靈樞 論勇)seems to be named as such by its explanation in detail about the brave man who can and the coward who cannot stand pain respectively. In the first chapter, it is considered that the factors of diseases are dependent upon the state of skin and flash. In the second chapter, it is put about the problem of standing pain and not. In the third chapter, about the causes of resulting in brave or unbrave man. And in the fourth chapter, about drunken frenzy(酒悖). More concretely speaking, in the first chapter, it is explained that the factors of pathogenesis are related closely with the state of skin and flash, so to speak, though the outer factors which can arouse diseases should exist, the sensitivity of skin and flash which are the first defense tissue in human body, is more important factor. Undoubtedly, the environmental factors existing in physical nature which surrounds human life, have influenced upon human health, especially in ancient times. But, this chapter exhibits some reflections that ultimately the inner conditions of human body decide the attack of diseases. However, this chapter may have some corruptions for it reveals the contents which are not fit with the headline. In the second chapter, it is written that the sensitivity to pain is not only dependent upon the character of bravery but also upon the thickness of skin, the strength of flesh and the speed of response. In this we evidence that the ancient people had the idea that human pain-feeling is more dependent upon the degree of development of sensory neuron of physical body than one's character of bravery. In the third chapter, ti is described that the differences of physical development mainly influence the differences of the degree of mental bravery. In the fourth chapter, the drunken frenzy is explained. The implication is that as civilization has been growing, the drinking culture has made both in dividual and social health affair. The alcohol has the function of pleasing mind improving the quality of human life but it can also destroy both human body and mind when abused. About the harms like this, this part wams by the examples of drunken man's abnormal behaviors.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 2020

Background: Previous studies showed neurography and tractography of the greater occipital nerve (GON). The purpose of this study was determining diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters of bilateral GONs and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in unilateral cervicogenic headache as well as the grading value of DTI for severe headache. The correlation between DTI parameters and clinical characteristics was evaluated. Methods: The fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in bilateral GONs and cervical DRG (C2 and C3) were measured. Grading values for headache severity was calculated using a receiver operating characteristics curve. The correlation was analyzed with Pearson's coefficient. Results: The FA values of the symptomatic side of GON and cervical DRG (C2 and C3) were significantly lower than that of the asymptomatic side (all the P < 0.001), while the ADC values were significantly higher (P = 0.003, P < 0.001, and P = 0.003, respectively). The FA value of 0.205 in C2 DRG was considered the grading parameter for headache severity with sensitivity of 0.743 and specificity of 0.999 (P < 0.001). A negative correlation and a positive correlation between the FA and ADC value of the GON and headache index (HI; r = -0.420, P = 0.037 and r = 0.531, P = 0.006, respectively) was found. Conclusions: DTI parameters in the symptomatic side of the C2 and C3 DRG and GON were significantly changed. The FA value of the C2 DRG can grade headache severity. DTI parameters of the GON significantly correlated with HI.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.346-355
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• 2004

Background & Object : The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of electrogastrography on differential diagnosis of deficiency or excess Condition in patients with functional dyspepsia Methods : Selected symptoms for diagnosis of deficiency and excess in functional dyspepsia have been reviewed in some literatures, notably within Oriental medicine, Donguibogam and Gogeumdoseojipseong-uibujeolrok. This is what was investigated in this study. 93 patients (male 32, female 61) were divided into three groups; Non-pain group, Pre-treatment pain group (chief complain was abdominal pain at the first medical examination), and Mid-treatment pain group(they had no pain at the time of first medical examination, but showed abdominal pain within two weeks). 10 healthy people participated as normal controls. Gastric motility were recorded and analyzed using electrogastrography during fasting and postprandial period. In assessment, effectiveness was divided into validity, sensitivity and specificity. Results : Epigastric pain reflected the tendency for excess condition in comprehensive diagnosis, which was linked with postprandial arrhythmia in electrogastrography(p=0.001). Postprandial arrhythmia detected abdominal pain with a validity of 78.6%, a sensitivity of 79.2%, and a specificity of 78%(p<0.001). Conclusions : Results 1Tom Postprandial arrhythmia in electrogastrography support that the index of excess condition in the comprehensive diagnosis of symptoms is useful for patients with functional dyspepsia.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.413-419
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• 2007

The aims of this study were to investigate the relationships among several types of thermal pain thresholds, and pressure pain thresholds. This study was designed to examine whether there were associations among different types of pain thresholds, and among different recording sites for each pain threshold measurement. Pain sensitivity thresholds including cold pain threshold (CPT), heat pain threshold (HPT), heat pain tolerance threshold (PTT), and pressure pain threshold (PPT) of 56 subjects with symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were measured on temporal muscle, masseter muscle, TMJ, and tibial areas. Thermal pain thresholds including CPT, HPT, and PTT did not show any gender differences. However, women showed significantly lower PPTs than men on all recording sites. Three thermal pain thresholds including CPT, HPT, and PTT showed weak to high correlations on all the recording sites (r= 0.324 to 0.754, p<0.05). PPTs did not show any significant correlations between each thermal pain threshold. The pain threshold of each recording site showed weak to high correlations in all pain threshold measures (r= 0.284 to 0.878, p<0.05). Our study demonstrated that thermal pain thresholds, and pain tolerance thresholds were significantly correlated, but did not show any correlation between thermal pain thresholds and pressure pain thresholds. There were relatively high correlations among the pain thresholds of different recording sites.