• Development and Reproduction
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.249-261
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• 2020

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have stemness characteristics, including germ cell-specific imprints that allow them to form gametes. Spermatogenesis involves changes in gene expression such as a transition from expression of somatic to germ cell-specific genes, global repression of gene expression, meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, highly condensed packing of the nucleus with protamines, and morphogenesis. These step-by-step processes finally generate spermatozoa that are fertilization competent. Dynamic epigenetic modifications also confer totipotency to germ cells after fertilization. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) in embryos do not enter meiosis, remain in the proliferative stage, and are referred to as gonocytes, before entering quiescence. Gonocytes develop into SSCs at about 6 days after birth in rodents. Although chromatin structural modification by Polycomb is essential for gene silencing in mammals, and epigenetic changes are critical in spermatogenesis, a comprehensive understanding of transcriptional regulation is lacking. Recently, we evaluated the expression profiles of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and CP2c in the gonads of E14.5 and 12-week-old mice. YY1 localizes at the nucleus and/or cytoplasm at specific stages of spermatogenesis, possibly by interaction with CP2c and YY1-interacting transcription factor. In the present article, we discuss the possible roles of YY1 and CP2c in spermatogenesis and stemness based on our results and a review of the relevant literature.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 1998

Purpose : Treatment of choice for uterine cervix cancer stage IIB is radiotherapy. We analyzed survivals, Prognostic factors, patterns of failure and complications. Materials and Methods : This is a retrospective analysis of 167 patients with stage IIB carcinoma of uterine cervix treated with curative external pelvic and high dose rate intracavitary radiotherapy at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital from August 1985 to August 1994. All the patients followed up from 3 to 141 months(mean 60 months) and age of patients ranged from 31 to 78 years at presentation(mean : 55 years). Results : Overall complete response rate was $84\%$. The response rate for squamous cell carcimoma and adenocarcinoma were $86\%$ and $60\%$, respectively. Overall 5-years survival rate and disease free survival rate was 62 and $59\%$, respectively Mass size and treatment response were significant Prognostic factors for survival Pathologic type and parametrial involvement were marginally significants Prognostic factors. Local failure was 43 cases, distant metastasis was 14 cases and local failure plus distant metastasis was 3 cases, and most of local failures occurred within 24 months, distant metastasis within 12 months after treatment Twenty eight($16.8\%$) patients developed late rectal and urinary complications There were tendency to increasing severity and frequency according to increased fractional dose and total(rectal and bladder) dose. Conclusions : Survival rate was significantly related to tumor size and radiotherapy response. Tumor size should be considered in the clinical s1aging. To increased survival and local control, clinical trials such as decreasing duration of radiotherapy or addition of chemotherapy is needed. To detect early recurrence, regular follow up after RT is important. Because total rectal and bladder dose affected late complications. meticulous vaginal packing is needed to optimize dose of normal tissues and to decrease late complications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.457-463
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to apply the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to the production of dressing. The hazard analysis examined the main materials, industrial water, microbial evaluation, and airborne microorganisms of each working area, as well as the pathogenic microbial contamination risk. The survey was conducted at SJ Company in Jincheon (Chungchengbuk-do), Korea for 30 days from April 1, 2012 to April 30, 2012. The results showed that raw material microorganisms had a total plate count in industrial water below $3.00{\times}10$ CFU/mL in working room I, working room II, the packing room, washing water, and the inspection room for five times in each place. During dressing production (including heat treatment and mixing), general bacteria were detected at an average of $3{\times}10$ CFU/mL, but yeast, mold, and pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Airborne microbiological evaluation (for total plate count, yeast, and mold) found levels below the legal limit at each working area. While workers were positive for microbes in total plate counts, coliform and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected. In conclusion, standards for hygienic management should be established to prevent and decrease hazards, such as general bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms (for example, E. coli, B. cereus, Listeria spp, Salmonella spp, Staph. aureus, Clostridium perfringens, yeast, and mold), and to found critical limits for microorganisms with an HACCP system.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.376-381
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• 1992

In order to study the effect of modified atmosphere storage on extending shelf life of mushrooms, oyster mushroom and Shiitake were wrapped with polyethylene film (PE, $50\;{\mu}m$), and stored at $0.5^{\circ}C$. Mushrooms packed with conventional hardboard box (4kg) lost marketability within $5{\sim}6$ days due to weight loss, shrinkage, browning, spore formation and/or mycellium growth. PE-packing could prevent or retard the deterioration of the mushrooms in the aspects of appearance, texture, discoloration, and microbial contamination. This situation can be best characterized by the reduced respiration rate resulted from the elevated level of carbon dioxide and the reduced level of oxygen in the bag. Although the appearance of the oyster mushroom was maintained for one month, its shelf life was limited to 15 days because of tissue softening. Discoloration of the pileus of shiitake mushroom appears to be the most important factor to determine its marketability. For example, extension of shelf life of Dongo was limited to 15 days, principally due to the browning of the pileus. Shelf life of Hawgo whose color of the pileus changed little over the experimental period, however, could be extened to more than one month.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

The recognition rate of RFID system is made a big difference by the selection of tag type and performance of reader, packing materials and the attachment location of tag and the recognition of angle according to the above factors. Water content is the most effective factor among the various elements that affected to the recognition of RFID as the center. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the RFID recognition rate per water content, the distance recognition rate of RFID tag, the RFID tag and the recognition rate by contact area. In analysis of recognition rate according to water content, 100% of recognition was possible when food product contained 0~25% moisture. However, when water content was over than 30%, recognition rate was declined less than 95%. The recognition rate between RFID tag according to water content was higher when distance was over than 0.3 cm. In the recognition rate about the contact area of RFID tag according to water content, the recognition rate was declined when the contact area becomes wider.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2006

Purpose: The liver is one of the most commonly injured organs by blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma. Patients with liver injury can be treated by using nonoperative or operative management. The aim of this study was to study patients with traumatic liver injury who were treated by using operative management. Methods: Ninety-eight patients with traumatic liver injury underwent surgical treatment from January 1995 to December 2004 at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan hospital. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively, and demographic, clinical, operative, and postoperative datas were collected and analyzed. Results: Among the patients with operative management, the peak incidence was in the third and the fourth decades. The male-to-female ratio was 1.9:1. The most frequent injury mechanism was blunt trauma (85.7%). Abdominal computed tomography was the diagnostic modality used most frequently. Severe liver injury above Grade III was seen in 80.6% of all patients, and long bone fracture was the most common combined injury. Patients were managed by using various techniques, including simple closure, liver resection, and perihepatic packing. Pulmonary complications were the most common postoperative complications (35.7%). the overall mortality rate was 17.3%. Between the survival group and the expired group, the amount of transfusion for the expired group was statistically more than that for the survival group. Conclusion: Operative management is an effective treatment modality for hemodynamically unstable patients with severe traumatic liver injury. The amount of transfusion is a significant prognostic factor for survival.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.19-40
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• 1999

In order to ascertain the attitudes of residents to their health and the National Health Promotion Law, surveyors interviewed 1,220 subjects, 1% of men and women in Kyungsan city, who were twenty-year-old or more. The major findings are as follows: Men and women were 48.2% and 51.8%, respectively. The recognition rate of enacting and enforcing this law is 59.2% of men and 51.3% of women. With regard to the behavioral attitude to the health in the distinction of sex and age, current smokers are 31.2% of the interviewees, 61.6% of the men and 3.3% of the women. Current drinkers are 35.1%, 59.5% of the men and 12.3% of the women, but on the other hand there is little significance in the distinction of age. The acknowledgement proportion of enacting and enforcing this law is 59.2% of male and 51.3% of female. In terms of the recognition rate of the contents according to the general characteristics of interviewees, it appears that the indication of a warning expression on a packing paper of cigarette case and a liquor bottle is 92.4% and also the designation of a smoking free area in public facilities is 94.8%. Prohibition of cigarette-sale to the teenagers who are under 19, is 96.0%. Considering these facts, the recognition rate is high. On the contrary, 48.8% is accounted for encouraging a medical check-up before marriage which is in a low position. As a result of multiple behavior as a independent educational level, marital significant variables. In case of having undergone a periodic medical examination the recognition rate was high whereas frequent exercise led to the low recognition rate. Concerning the details of the undertaking in accordance with each factor of general characteristics, the greater part of them have been appraised successfully whether it is recognized or not. On the other side, no effect got answered about the result of the undertaking subjects to general and peculiar behavior attitude towards health was in effect or not. A great majority approved of more reinforcement of legal regulation about smoking and drinking regardless of whether they perceived the details of the law of promotion of National Health Promotion Law or not. Additionally there was significant difference in reinforcing legal regulation of smoking and drinking in compliance with the attitude of the substance of this law. With regard to education, public relations and evaluation about national health through public health centers by our government, the younger and the higher in education they are, the more deficient they feel. First of all, those who were aware of the enforcement of this law as well as plenty of scarcity answered that better service of disease prevention had to be expanded than ever. In consideration of the above-stated results, the education to public health and the business of public relations should be reinforced and a practical campaign for health life should also spread out for the purpose of encouraging to practise healthy life-style.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2009

Extracellular matrix(ECM) is known to function as a reservoir of endogenous growth factors, can be an effective delivery system of growth factor that easily lost bioactivity in solution. Fibrillar collagens like type I collagen, are the major constituent of the ECM and structural protein of bone. Also, it can be a scaffold for osteoblast migration. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of absorbable Atelo-collagen Sponge($Teruplug^{(R)}$) insertion in tooth extraction sites on periodontal healing of the mandibular second molar after the extraction of the impacted third molar. The study population comprised 31 cases who had been scheduled for surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. All patients were in good general health and were not using any medication that would influence wound healing after surgery. In 15 cases control group, none was inserted into the tooth extraction site. In 16 cases experimental groups, $Teruplug^{(R)}$ was inserted into the tooth extraction site. We evaluated tooth mobility, pocket depth, gingival margin level preoperatively and 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months postoperatively. The change was compared with two groups using Mann-Whitney test. The results were as follows. 1. There was no significant change of tooth mobility on both groups. 2. There was tendency of decreasing of previous pocket depth causing tooth extraction on both groups. 3. On gingival margin level, there was various change according to initial swelling and loss of attachment on both groups. 4. There was tendency of decreasing of gingival margin level on both groups because of removal of inflammation and decreasing of previous pocket depth. 5. There was large change of pocket depth on buccal middle, distal, lingual distal area because of tooth extraction and bone reduction. Compared with the control group and experimental group, we observed significant difference during some periods. The results of this study suggest that absorbable atelo-collagen sponge($Teruplug^{(R)}$) is relatively favorable bone void filler with prevention of tissue collapse, food packing and enhance periodontal healing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.210-218
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• 2000

Since the SSC(soluble solid contents) and titratable acidity of fruit are highly concerned to the taste, the need for measuring them by non-destructive technology such as NIR(Visual and Near-infrared) spectroscopy is increasing. Specially, in order to grade the quality of each fruit with a sorter at sorting and packing facilities, technologies for online measurement satisfying the tolerance in terms of accuracy and speed should be developed. Many researches have been done to develop devices to measure the internal qualities of fruit such as SSC, titratable acidity, firmness, etc. with the VIS(Visual)/NIR(Near Infrared) reflectance spectra. The distributions of the SSC, titratable acidity, firmness, etc. are different with respect to the position and depth of fruit, and generally the VIS/NIR light can interact with fruit in a few millimeters of pathlength, and it is very difficult to measure the qualities of inner flesh of fruit. Therefore, to measure the average concentrations of each quality factor such as SSC and titratable acidity with the reflectance-type NIR devices, the spectra of fruit at several positions should be measured. Recently, the interest about the transmittance-type VIS/NIR devices is increasing. NIR light can penetrate through the fruit about 1/10-1/1,000,000 %. Therefore, very intensive light source and very sensitive sensor should be adopted to measure the transmitted light spectra of intact fruit. The ultimate purpose of this study was to develop a device to measure the transmitted light spectra of intact fruit such as apple, pear, peach, etc. With the transmittance-type VIS/NIR device, the feasibility of measurement of the SSC and titratable acidity in intact fruit cultivated in Korea was tested. The results are summarized as follows; A simple measurement device which can measure the transmitted light spectra of intact fruit was constructed with sample holder, two 500W-tungsten halogen lamps, a real-time spectrometer having a very sensitive CCD array sensor and optical fiber probe. With the device, it was possible to measure the transmitted light spectra of intact fruit such as apple, pear and peach. Main factors affecting the intensity of transmitted light spectra were the size of sample, the radiation intensity of light source and the integration time of the detector. Sample holder should be designed so that direct light leakage to the probe could be protected. Preprocessing method to the raw spectrum data significantly influenced the performance of the nondestructive measurement of SSC and titratable acidity of intact fruit. Representative results of PLS models in predicting the SSC of peach were SEP of 0.558 Brix% and R2 of 0.819, and those in predicting titratable acidity were SEP of 0.056% and R2 of 0.655.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.45
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• pp.283-298
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• 2016

Design is a fatal factor to differentiate and survive one product from the other in fierce competition of the market, when other conditions such as price or quality makes no much difference. Among many marketing tools, package design is known as a direct communication that visualizes and forms the very initial brand image of a product. Package design is not only for packing, transporting, storing and loading but for engraving the brand image in a consumers' mind and lead them to purchasing. One of recent package design trands is various ways of using character, not just as a printed image on the surface but as a part of three dimensional structure of package. If it succeed, the package design could give out the secondary fun and impact to the consumers. The package design with an effective character is itself a great marketing tool and valuable design asset, which can bring a further profit to the company. Especially, character-package can be a powerful and effective marketing method for various local products, in needs of further publication and sales with limited cost. It should motivate the sales of the products by grabbing their attention and taken as a souvenir. This research takes a character package as a useful marketing method for a local brand in Jeonju, South Korea, and tries to design a three dimensional package using its own character. Through the process, the research aims to propose an important design strategy for repositioning or enhancing an existing brand.