• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2012

A 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model was developed and simulated for a tube reactor of packed bed where the steam-$CO_2$ combined reforming reaction of natural gas proceeded to produce synthesis gas. Under the reactor feeding rate, 45 $Nm^3$/h, of the reactant gas stream, the 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model showed the similar results to those from the ASPEN simulator although there were some discrepancies between the two in the temperature and the $H_2$/CO ratio of the reformed gas at the reactor exit. The calculated enthalpy difference between the reformed gas at the reactor exit and the reactant gas fed to the reactor was closely correspondent to the total amount of heat transferred to the reactor interior from the furnace. This supports that the 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model was reasonably established and the numerical solution was properly obtained.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.465-469
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• 2006

Two mesophilic trickling bed bioreactors filled with two different types of media, hydrophilic- and hydrophobic-cubes, were designed and tested for hydrogen production via anaerobic fermentation of sucrose. Each reactor consisted of a column packed with polymeric cubes and inoculated with heat-treated sludge obtained from anaerobic digestion tank. A defined medium containing sucrose was fed with changing flow rate into the capped reactor, hydraulic retention time and recycle rate. Hydrogen concentrations in gas-phase were constant, averaging 40% for all conditions tested. Hydrogen production rates increased up to $10.5 L{\cdot};h^{-1}{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of reactor when influent sucrose concentrations and recycle rates were varied. Hydrophobic media provided higher value of hydrogen production rate than hydrophilic media at the same operation conditions. No methane was detected when the reactor was under a normal operation. The major fermentation by-products in the liquid effluent of the both trickling biofilters were acetate and butyrate. The reactor filled with hydrophilic media became clogged with biomass and bio gas, requiring manual cleaning of the system, while no clogging occurred in the reactor with hydrophobic media. In order to make long-term operation of the reactor filled with hydrophilic media feasible, biofilm accumulation inside the media in the reactor with hydrophilic media and biogas produced from the reactor will need to be controlled through some process such as periodical backwashing or gas-purging. These tests using trickling bed biofilter with hydrophobic media demonstrate the feasibility of the process to produce hydrogen gas in a trickle-bed type of reactor. A likely application of this reactor technology could be hydrogen gas recovery from pre-treatment of high carbohydrate-containing wastewaters.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1227-1234
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• 2020

In this study, yeast cell immobilization was carried out in a packed bed reactor (PBR) to investigate the effects of the volumetric capacity of carriers as well as the different fermentation modes on fuel ethanol production. An optimal volumetric capacity of 10 g/l was found to obtain a high cell concentration. The productivity of immobilized cell fermentation was 16% higher than that of suspended-cell fermentation in batch and it reached a higher value of 4.28 g/l/h in repeated batches. Additionally, using this method, the ethanol yield (95.88%) was found to be higher than that of other tested methods due to low concentrations of residual sugars and free cells. Continuous ethanol production using four bioreactors showed a higher productivity (9.57 g/l/h) and yield (96.96%) with an ethanol concentration of 104.65 g/l obtained from 219.42 g/l of initial total sugar at a dilution rate of 0.092 h^-1. Furthermore, we reversed the substrate-feed flow directions in the in-series bioreactors to keep the cells at their highest activity and to extend the length of continuous fermentation. Our study demonstrates an effective method of ethanol production with a new immobilized approach, and that by switching the flow directions, traditional continuous fermentation can be greatly improved, which could have practical and broad implications in industrial applications.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2001

Wastewater from the pigment industry has high levels of organics and is known as hardly biodegradable. The objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of aerobic fixed-bed boifilm reactor packed with ceramic support carrier for the pigment wastewater treatment. Orange 2(widely used azo pigment) adsorption experiment onto biofilm and activated sludge, and continuous treatment experiments were performed. In batch adsorption experiment, maximum adsorption quantity of biofilm was at least two times higher than that of activated sludge. In continuous experiment using aerobic fixed-bed biodilm reactor, the influent concentration of COD and Orange 2 were 75~500mg/${\ell}$(0.45~3.00kg COD/$m^3.day), 5~50mg/$\ell$(0.03~0.30kg Orange 2/$m^3$.day), respectively. At a COD loading rate 2.5kg COD/$m^3$.day and Orange 2 loading rate of 0.18kg Orange 2/$m^3$.day, removal efficiency of COD and Orange 2 were over 95%, 97%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2000.07c
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• pp.2053-2056
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• 2000

The experiment on characteristic of $NO_x$ removal for $BaTiO_3$-sludge hybrid packed bed type reactor was conducted. Gas flow rate was 5(${\ell}/min$) and NO concentration was 50, 100 and 150(ppm). The effect on volume percent of $BaTiO_3$ to sludge was investigated, sludge pellets was added to $BaTiO_3$ pellets to increase $NO_x$ removal rate. In the result, when sludge pellets was added, NO removal rate of $BaTiO_3$ - sludge hybrid type was increased from 90.6% to 95%. However $NO_2$ decreased from 88ppm to 10ppm. $O_3$ decreased from 77ppm to 2ppm. $NO_x$ removal rate was increased to 74%.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.274-280
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• 2001

A serum-free media for CRIP/MFG-LacZ retrovirus production was developed and applied to continuous packed-bed culture system. The serum-free media developed by fractional factorial design contains indulin ($10\mug/mL$), transferrin ($5\mug/mL$), BSA (4 mg/mL), EGF (25 ng/mL), and linoleic acid ($10\mug/mL$). Operation of continuous packed-bed reactor using Fibra-cel enabled the packging cell to stably maintain retrovirus titer for about 1 week. The optimal operation conditions for dilution rate and temperature were 0.67(h(sup)-1) and $32^{circ}C$, respectively. Using this media, the retrovirus titer(cfu/mL) in the packed continuous culture was about 50% that of continuous culture with serum containing DMEM media.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.231-236
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• 2011

Biological nitrogen removal, using a continuous flow packed-bed reactor (CPBR) in a consecutive nitrification and denitrification process, was evaluated. An apparent decline in the nitrification efficiency coincided with the steady increase in $NH_4{^+}$-N load. Sustained nitrification efficiency was found to be higher at longer empty bed contact times (EBCTs). The relationship between the rate of alkalinity consumption and $NH_4{^+}$-N utilization ratio followed zero-order reaction kinetics. The heterotrophic denitrification rate at a carbon-tonitrogen (C/N) ratio of >4 was found to be >74%. This rate was higher by a factor of 8.5 or 8.9 for $NO_3{^-}$-N/volatile solids (VS)/day or $NO_3{^-}-N/m^3$ ceramic media/day, respectively, relative to the rates measured at a C/N ratio of 1.1. Autotrophic denitrification efficiencies were 80-90%. It corresponds to an average denitrification rate of 0.96 kg $NO_3{^-}-N/m^3$ ceramic media/day and a relevant average denitrification rate of 0.28 g $NO_3{^-}$-N/g VS/day, were also obtained. Results presented here also constitute the usability of an innovative porous sulfur ceramic media. This enhanced the dissolution rate of elemental sulfur via a higher contact surface area.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.90-93
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• 1997

Recombinant exoinulinase was partially purified form the culture supernatant of S.cerevisiae by(NH4)2SO4 precipitation and PEG treatment. The purfied inulinase was immobilized onto Amino-cellulofine with glutaraldeyde as a cross-linking agent. Immobilization yield based on the enzyme activity was about 15%. Optimal pH and temperature of immobilized enzyme were found to be 5.0 and 6$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme activity was stably maintained in the pH ranges of 4.5 to 6.0 at 6$0^{\circ}C$. 100% of enzyme activity was observed even after incubation for 24 hr at 6$0^{\circ}C$. In the operation of a packed-bed reactor containing 412U inulinase, dahalia inulin of 7.5%(w/w) concentration was completely hydrolyzed at flow rate of 2.0mL/min at 6$0^{\circ}C$, resulting in a volumetric productivity of 693 g-reducing sugars/L/h. Under the reaction conditions of 1.0mL/min flow rate with 2.5% inulin at 6$0^{\circ}C$, the reactor was successfully operated over 30 days without loss ofinulinase activity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.525-531
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• 1994

Tyrosinase has two types of enzymatic activities, cresolase catalyzing the hydroxylation of monophenol and catecholase catalyzing the oxidation of o-phenol. Gradual inactivation of the enzyme during the reaction is a barrier to be overcome for the commercial application of the enzyme. Tyrosinase was stabilized by modifying the lysine residue of the enzyme using glutaraldehyde. In addition to that, tyrosinase was also stabilized by adapting the continuous reactor system. In packed bed reactor quinone could be easily removed, so the stability of tyrosinase increased. Borate buffer retarded the reaction rate of catechol to quinone and consequently decreased the tyroslnase inactivation. Tyrosinase immobilizer on controlled pore glass showed significantly enhanced stability in a packed-bed reactor.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.234-238
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• 2003

Biofilm process is preferred to activated sludge process in small domestic wastewater treatment plant because of its simplicity in operation and maintenance. Column reactor filled with waste ceramics and with waste plastics was used to remove pollutants in restaurant wastewater. COD removal at 18 hours of hydraulic retention time (HRT) gave 93.7%, COD removal during the experimental period, where maximum COD removal was observed. Under same condition, average removal of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 82.3% and 25.9%, respectively Organic and nitrogen were efficiently removed with the HRT of 18 hours or more.