• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2000

Purpose: A prospective comparison was made between imaging with Tc-99m pertechnetate (Tc-99m) and Ioine-131 (I-131) for the detection of residual and metastatic tissue after total thyroidectomy in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Initially our patients had imaging with Tc-99m, followed by I-131 within 3 days. The study included 21 patients who had ablation with high dose of I-131 ranging from 100 mCi to 150 mCi. Planar and pinhole images were acquired for both Tc-99m and I-131. Diagnostic images of Tc-99m and I-131 were compared with post-therapy images. Degree of uptake on Tc-99m and I-131 images was scored by four point scale and compared. Results: The results of the Tc-99m study were: 16 of 19 studies (84%) were positive on simple planar images, but 19 of 20 studies (95%) were positive on pinhole images. Conventional I-131 diagnostic imaging on the other hand showed that all studies (100%) were positive on both planar and pinhole images. There was a significant difference in degree of uptake between Tc-99m and I-131 planar images (p<0.05). Only one case of Tc-99m scintigraphy was negative on both planar and pinhole studies (false negative). There was no distant metastasis on the therapeutic I-131 images. Conclusion: Tc-99m scan using pinhole in certain clinical situations is an alternative to the I-131 scan in detecting thyroid or lymph node metastasis prior to the first ablative treatment after thyroidectomy for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3 s.99
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• pp.198-212
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• 2002

A numerical variation and abnormalities were studied on egg bags and embryos of Korean salamander, Hynobius leechii from agricultural habitat. The teratogenic and toxic effects of fungicide benomyl were also investigated with early embryos from non-agricultural habitat. We collected 144 egg bags from agricultural region, and 3418 of early embryos were contained. The lengths of egg bags were varied from 10 to 23 cm and the most frequent length was 19 cm. The number of embryos was varied from 7 to 43, and the most frequent range was 22 to 26. Spontaneous abnormalities were occurred in 406 embryos among 116 egg bags, and 24 kinds of external abnormalities were found. Individuals showing severe external defect were histologically studied and they showed optic dyspalsia, thyroid carcinoma, somatic muscular dysplasia, partial biaxial structure, decrease of red blood cells in the heart, cephalic degeneration and intestinal dysplasia. 385 embryos from non-agricultural region were exposed to 200 nM${\sim}$ 1 ${\mu}$M of benomyl at blastula or gastrula for 12 days. All embryo were dead in the concentration of 1 ${\mu}$M (LD$_{100}$) and 75% of embryos were dead in 800nM of benomyl. Speciflc effect due to benomyl was acrania or cephalic dysplasia and this restult suggests that the benomyl inhibit stongly to the development of neural tissue. These abnormal developments may be caused by antimitotic action, inhibition of tubulin complex, destruction of microtubule, inhibitions of neurulation and closing of neural fold, and by the inhibition of the movement of neural crest cells.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.260-269
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• 2009

Hwabuk Dam has been under construction to reduce flood damage in Nakdong River watershed and to supply stable water for middle area of Gyeongbuk Province. Therefore, fish investigation in up and downstream of the dam was conducted from 2004 to 2008 in order to determine any negative effect on fish community due to dam construction and to use as fundamental data for conserving species diversity and maintaining stream health. According to data analysis on water quality, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended solids, and total E-coli had seasonal variation, but they did not significantly differ in sites. However, biological and chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll-a, nitrogen, and phosphorus representing organic matter and nutrient concentration were higher in upper site and decreased to lower site so that they differed by site. Concentration of arsenic among the heavy metals was less than 0.05 mg $L^{-1}$, which is regulated for protection of human health in water quality standard, except for 0.092 mg $L^{-1}$ in June 2005. During the study period, the total number of fish caught from the 6 sites was 10,263 representing 7 families 19 species. Among them, dominant and subdominant species were Korean chub (Zacco koreanus, 62.5%) and Chinese minnow (Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 10.6%) which inhabit mostly in mid and upper streams, Korea. Among the 19 species, Korean endemic species were 9 species (47.4%) including Korean slender gudgeon (Squalidus gracilis majimae), Korean dark sleeper (Odontobutis platycephala), and Korean shiner (Coreoleuciscus splendidus). There was several individuals of the $1^{st}$-class endangered species, Naktong nose loach (Koreocobitis nahtongensis), caught in 2005${\sim}$2007, and no introduced species of fish was found in entire sampling period. According to result of community analysis, dominance index decreased toward lower site, but diversity and richness indices increased toward lower site. The equation of length-weight relationship on the dominant species was TW=0.000003$(TL)^{3.2603}$. The parameter b in the equation was greater than 3.0 indicating good nutritional condition in the populations. Compared to populations of Korean chub in other streams, the population in Hwabuk Dam watershed had higher mean of condition factor by size indicating better growth rate. With fish fauna and multi-metric health assessment model in each sampling attempt, index of biotic integrity (IBI) was evaluated and it resulted mostly in good (26${\sim}$35) and excellent (36${\sim}$40) condition in all sites, and the mean of IBI was the highest in site 5. The results indicate that it is very important to study not only environmental impact assessment with fish composition but also stream health assessment in order to conserve healthy aquatic ecosystem.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2008

Microbial reduction, physicochemical property, and sensory evaluation of irradiated beef patty were investigated. The microbial counts of refrigerated beef patty were reduced to below the number of 3 logs after irradiation at 3 kGy. But no viable microorganism was detected in frozen beef patty irradiated at 3 kGy. Food additives such as nitrite, salt, phosphate and ascorbic acid did not affect on the inactivation of microorganism by irradiation. The irradiation effect on the water holding capacity was not significant, but frozen irradiated beef patty showed higher water holding capacity than refrigerated beef patty. The drip loss of irradiated beef patty did not show significant differences according to irradiation doses. Considering the influence of food additives, the irradiated beef patty mixed with salt and phosphate showed lower drip loss than that without food additives. In refrigerated beef patty, TBARS values were increased with increase of irradiation doses and showed lower values in the beer patty mixed with food additives than that without food additives. The redness of refrigerated beef patty showed highest values at 3 kGy of irradiation and then decreased with increasing irradiation doses, while in the frozen beef patty did not show distinct tendency according to the irradiation doses or food additives. In sensory evaluation, the irradiated beef patty showed unpleasant smell as compared with the non irradiated beef patty, but showed some-what higher score in smell at the sample contained ascorbic acid regardless of irradiation doses.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to provide the fundamental information for establishing the database needed to estimate total intakes of trans fatty acids in Korea. The amounts of trans fatty acids contained in 164 samples including 25 samples of margarines, 21 samples of shortenings, 19 samples of vegetable salad and cooking oils, 53 samples of confectionery products, 18 samples of bakery products, 19 samples of dairy products, and 9 samples of animal fats and meats were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography. The average amounts of trans fatty acids in those foods were calculated and expressed as gram per one serving. Then, the average daily intakes of trans fatty acids per capita were estimated using the analyzed amounts of trans fatty acids and the amount of yearly production for those foods. The amounts of trans fatty acids per 100 g of lipids were $2.11{\sim}33.83%$ (14.66% on average) in margarines, $1.47{\sim}44.48%$ (14.21% on average) in shortenings, $0.18{\sim}3.82$ (1.54% on average) in vegetable salad and cooking oils, $0{\sim}45.81%$ (10.92% on average) in confectionery products, $0{\sim}18.32%$ (7.87% on average) in bakery products, $0.90{\sim}4.54%$ (2.27% on average) in dairy products, and $0.61{\sim}6.07%$ (2.24% on average) in animal fats and meats. Major isomers of trans fatty acid in the sample foods were $C_{18:1}$ and $C_{18:2}$. As a result, the korean average daily intake of trans fatty acids in korea was estimated to be 2.3 g per capita. The amounts of trans fatty acids consumed from each selected food were as follows: 0.35 g from margarines, 0.57 g from shortenings, 0.11 g from vegetable salad and cooking oils, 0.65 g from confectionery products, 0.07 g from bakery products, 0.14 g from dairy products and 0.21 g from animal fats and meats.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2010

Law-protected trees are our precious asset as natural resources with history and tradition and natural heritage which should be protected and maintained well to bequeath next generation. Law-protected trees have not only thremmatologic and genetic meaning but also environmental and emotional meaning for their value to be high. This study investigated location, vitality, wrapping condition of root area and status of maintenance of the trees to figure out their growth environment and status of maintenance in a small-middle city through survey on those of law-protected trees in Je-cheon. There showed 300 more year old trees in Je-cheon mostly and the number of trees located in flat fields was the highest. For location type, village, hill and road types were presented in the order and for degree of development, land for building was found most frequently. The average electric resistance of the formative layer was measured to be $8.4k{\Omega}$ and four trees showed bark separation. Most law-protected trees underwent tree surgery, and complete bareness of root area was observed in a tree. The root area of two trees was covered with concrete. pH of soil was recorded to be 5.0~8.4 with its average of 7.1 and electric conductivity(EC) was less than 0.5 dS/m. For status of maintenance rearing facilities were placed for 16 trees out of totally 48 ones and stone fence was done for three ones. Tree surgery was conducted for 33 trees to prevent and to treat decomposed parts of holes. Direction boards were installed for 23 trees. Based on these results, measures to manage systematically law-protected trees in Jecheon could be suggested as follows. First, a sufficient space for growth of low part of trees should be secured. Second, a voluntary management should be induced by advertising them to residents in a community. Third, rearing facilities and direction boards of law-protected trees should be placed and related education should be conducted. Fourth, through operation of the department for law-protected trees consisting of related professions and cooperation among related departments the trees should be maintained continuously.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.385-390
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• 1999

HPLC method usually has been used for the determination of ATP and its related compounds in fish muscle and fish sauce. But, total amount of ATP related compounds in fish sauce is determined less than that of fish muscle. In order to establish the extract analysis method for ATP related compounds in fish sauce, a new enzymatic method was developed and compared with existing HPLC method. Fish sauce was extracted with chilled perchloric acid and neutralized to Ph 7.0 with potassium hydroxide solution, the extract was used as sample analyzed by HPLC as usual. On the other hand, for sample analyzed by enzymatic method, 1 ml extract solution was pipetted into test tube. To the tube, 0.5ml of mixed suspension adenosinedeaminase (4U), nucleosidephosphorylase (0.02U) and xanthineoxidase (0.03U) suspended in 2.0ml of 1/15 M sodium phosphate buffer solution pH 7.6 and 1.5ml deionized water wereadded for the decomposition of IMP, HxR and Hx to uric acid at $37^{\circ}C$ for 40 minutes. Total uric acid was determined by measuring optical density at 290nm. In HPLC method, salt decreased the total amount of ATP related compounds by $13.6\~16.2\%$ at $2.5\%$ concentration, but no effect in enzymatic method. IMP, HxR and Hx were detected at 254nm, while uric acid at only 290nm. The ratio of the total amount of ATP related compounds by HPLC method was about $45\%$ of that by enzymatic method in fish sauce. Form these results, enzymatic method is more accurate and simple than HPLC method for analysis of ATP related compounds in fish sauce.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.144-161
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• 1990

Pine forest communities developed in Mt. Palgong, southeastern Korea, were studied phytosociologically, with special reference to multiple management of local forests, and were classified into two communities, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community(I : mountain forest) and P. densiflora-Climbing plants community (II : valley forest) and six subgroups accompanied by several subgroups. Judging from the coincidence method, the division of communities (vegetation units) was closely related to altitude and topography. Based on vegetation units, a vertical distribution map of pine forest communities was prepared. The species composition(%) of pine forest communities under stratification, in upper and lower tree layer, teas I higher than II, in middle and shrubs lacer II higher than I (Total : Upper 15.5%, Middle 28.4%, Lower 34.6%. Shrubs 21.5%. Sum of mean coverage%i of understory vegetation was II twice as high as I (Total. shrubs 28.4%. forbs 11.4%, Graminoids 11.8%, ferns 1.0%). Based on constance, coverage and d.b.h. class etc., an actual growth and occurrence table of tree species and understory vegetation by vegetation unity were prepared, and could assume a criterion for judging potential dominance-growth conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.386-395
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• 2016

To develop a functional fermentation food from Rubus coreanus Miquel (Bokbunja) and chlorella mixtures, optimal lactic acid fermentation conditions were established, and quality properties based on physicochemical evaluation such as chemical compositions, free sugars, organic acids, and antibacterial activities were investigated. Regarding optimal fermentation strain selection, formation of lactic acid was best in Lactobacillus plantarum among the experimental strains (10 kinds), and the optimal fermentation temperature was $37^{\circ}C$. In addition, overall acceptability in the sensory evaluation was highest in the 5% chlorella mixture sample. Therefore, quality properties of the prepared sample under the established optimal fermentation conditions were investigated. Moisture, total sugar (dry basis), crude fiber (dry basis), and pH of fermented Rubus coreanus Miquel juice (RCM) with 5% chlorella mixture (RCM-C5) were reduced by 4.90%, 14.15%, and 0.32%, respectively, as compared with non-fermented RCM. Meanwhile, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash (dry basis) of RCM-C5 were elevated by 13.75%, 0.18%, and 0.73%, respectively, as compared with RCM. The yellowness (b value) of color values was greater in RCM-C5 compared to RCM. The free sugar and organic acid contents of RCM-C5 were elevated by 0.97% and 616.30 mg%, respectively, as compared with RCM. In addition, the gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was elevated by 5.83% while gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium were elevated by 2.94% and 4.67%, respectively, as compared with RCM. In conclusion, the quality properties of RCM and chlorella lactic acid fermentation mixtures were improved compared with the general RCM product. Consequently, it is possible to apply fermented RCM as a functional fermentation food.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.413-420
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• 2019

In this study, a sample preparation method and a simultaneous determination method by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for 9 isomers of chlorogenic acid and arbutin in fruits were developed. The samples were extracted using 90% methanol (pH 3.0), with the solutions being shaken and then sonicated for 10 min each. After centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 10 min, the extraction was concentrated under a vacuum at $40^{\circ}C$ using a vacuum evaporator. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of 5% methanol and filtered through a $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane before UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The separations were performed on a C18 column with gradient elution of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and methanol (containing 0.1% formic acid). The specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision of the proposed methods were also evaluated.