• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.241-255
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate environmental geochemical characteristics for the acid mine drainage and stream sediments in the abandoned Honam coal mine area. For the chemical analysis, stream winter samples were collected at 54 sites and for the mineralogical and chemical analysis, stream sediments samples were collected at 34 sites. Physical and chemical characteristics of stream water were measured at the site and chemical compositions were analyzed by ICP-AES, ICP-MS and IC. Mineralogical characteristics of stream sediments samples were determined using XRD, SEM and EDS. In physical and chemical properties, stream water shows thats pH 2.85~8.12, Eh -62~215 mV, EC 0.205~146 ms/m, ER 0.234~255 {$\Omega}{\cdot}$m, DO 0.03~1068 mg/L and TDS 10.96~1420mg/L. In chemical compositions, we obtain that K 0.118~3.184 mg/L, Mg 2.1~114.48 mg/L, Ca 2.59~l25.02 mg/L, Al 0.01~44.72 mg/L, Fe 0.108~89.49 mg/L and Na 5.45~125.41 mg/L. Stream sediments are commonly composed of quartz, illite and goethite in the result of x-ray diffraction. After heat treatment at 98$0^{\circ}C$, the hematite peaks are distinctly shown. In consideration of heavy metals (include Fe) for steam sediments, Fe ranges 22575~34713 ppm, Zn 41.66~970.3 ppm, Cd 0.52~52.07 ppm, Cu 1.25~198.5 ppm and Pb 0.43~77.35 ppm.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.565-582
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• 2018

We investigated the hydrochemical properties of ChusanYongchulso Spring located in Buk-myeon, Ulleung Island, focusing on the formation and characteristics of aquifers in and around the Nari caldera. Abundant pumice with high permeability and numerous fractures (including faults and joints) that formed as a result of caldera subsidence are widely distributed in the subsurface, favoring the formation of aquifers. Because of the presence of porous pyroclastic rocks with a high internal surface area, the water type of the springs is characterized by $NaHCO_3$, with upper stream waters and the upper spring being characterized by $NaHCO_3$ and NaCl, respectively. Components with a high coefficient of determination with EC are $HCO_3$, Na, F, Ca, Mg, Cl, $SiO_2$, and $SO_4$. The high concentrations of Na and Cl might be attributable to the main lithologies in the area, given that alkaline volcanic rocks are distributed extensively across Ulleung Island. Eh and pH, which are considered to be important indicators of water-rock interaction, are unrelated to most components. According to the results obtained from factor analysis, the variance explained by factor 1 is 54% and by factor 2 is 25.8%. Components with a high loading on factor 1 are F, Na, EC, Cl, $HCO_3$, $SO_4$, $SiO_2$, Ca, $NO_3$, and Mg, whereas components with a high loading on factor 2 are Mg and Ca, along with K, $NO_3$, and DO with negative loadings. It is suggested that the high concentrations of Na, Cl, F, and $SO_4$ are closely related to the presence of fine-grained alkaline pyroclastic rocks with high permeability and porosity, which favorintensewater-rock interaction. However, a wide-ranging investigation that encompasses methods such as geophysical prospecting and geochemical analysis (including isotope, trace-element, and tracer techniques) will be necessary to gain a better understanding of the groundwater chemistry, aquifer distribution, and water cycling of Ulleung Island.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.111-123
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• 2022

Carbonate green rust (CGR) and sulfate green rust (SGR) commonly occur in nature. In this study, CGR and SGR were synthesized through co-precipitation, and their formation mechanisms and physicochemical properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement showed both CGR and SGR with layered double hydroxide structure were successfully synthesized without any secondary phases under each synthetic condition. Refined structural parameters (unit cell) for two green rusts were a (=b) = 3.17 Å and c = 22.52 Å for CGR and a (=b) = 5.50 Å and c = 10.97 Å for SGR with the crystallite size 57.8 nm in diameter from (003) reflection and 40.1 nm from (001) reflections, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) results showed that both CGR and SGR had typical hexagonal plate-like crystal morphologies but their chemical composition is different in the content of C and S. In addition, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis revealed that carbonate (CO₃^2-) and sulfate (SO₄^2-) molecules were occupied as interlayer anions of CGR and SGR, respectively. These SEM/EDS and FT-IR results were in good agreement with XRD results. Changes in the solution chemistry (i.e., pH, Eh and residual iron concentrations (Fe(II):Fe(III)) of the mixed solution) were observed as a function of the injection time of hydroxyl ion (OH^-) into the iron solution. Three different stages were observed in the formation of both CGR and SGR; precursor, intermediator, and green rust in the formation of both CGR and SGR. This study provides co-precipitation methods for CGR and SGR in a way of the stable synthesis. In addition, our findings for the formation mechanisms of the two green rusts and their physicochemical properties will provide crucial information with researches and industrials in utilizing green rust.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.271-282
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• 1983

The authors observed the ultrastructure of the pigment cells of the frog, Rana nigromaculata Hallowell, during the hibernation. The specimens from the skin were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-paraform-aldehyde fixative in phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 prior to fixation in 2% osimium tetroxide, dehydrated in graded ethanol and acetone, embedded in Epon 812 mixture, and sectioned with LKB-ultramicrotome. the ultrathin sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed with a JEOL-100B electron microscope. The results were as follows. In hibernating phase, pigment cells of the frog were consisted of the three kinds of chromatophores (xanthophore, iridophore and melanophore) in their dorsal skin. The traits of these cells were as follows. 1. Xanthophores A. Xanthophores were filled with pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles. Many ribosomes, a few mitochondria and glycogen particles were dispersed in the cytoplasm. B. Pterinosomes were spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. They were divided into 6 types (type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI pterinosomes) by the their inner structure and especially, type I, type II, type III pterinosomes were well developed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the adsorptive characteristics with cadmium in different levels of organic matter and lime in soil. And in order to identify the effect of soil ameliorators on cadmium uptake in rice plants, compost and lime were treated. Plants were grown at two soil textures(sandy loam and clay loam) with irrigation water containing $0.01\;mg\;L^{-1}$ of cadmium and treatments of two irrigation systems(intermittent irrigation and continuous submersion). The adsorption capacity of cadmium by soil was increased in proportion to initial concentration of solution, and it was higher at clay soil compared to loamy soil. The adsorption rate of cadmium by soil was increased with increasing the concentration of organic matter and lime in soil, highly increased at the both organic matter and lime treatment. Soil pH was negatively correlated with the cadmium contents of the both shoot and brown rice while Eh was positively correlated with those. In the harvest season, cadmium contents in the both leaves and brown rice were lower in the clay sail plots than sandy soil plots, and the continuous submersion plots were lower than intermittent irrigation plots. Cadmium uptake was highly reduced at the compost and lime mixture plot compared to other treatments among the continuous submersion plots. The cadmium content of shoot was positively correlated with that of brown rice in the harvest season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 1996

The objectives of this study are to investigate the groundwater and surface water contamination, to interpret the attenuation mechanism of contaminant transport, and to find the appropriate contamination indicator. at the two big landfill sites : Nanjido Landfill and Hwasung Landfill. Leachate from the Nanjido, th, Hwasung and the Kimpo waste disposal sites is characterized by high temperature (31.7-40.1$^{\circ}C$), high electric conductivity (14,650-32,800 ${\mu}$S/cm), somewhat higher pH(7.58-8.45) and low Eh (-119.4-20.4 mV), and is enriched in both major (Na$^{＋}$, K$^{＋}$, Ca$^{2＋}$, Mg$^{2＋}$, HC $O_3$$^{－}$, Cl$^{－}$) and minor (Mn, Sr$^{2＋}$, Ba$^{2＋}$, Li$^{＋}$, F$^{－}$, Br$^{－}$) ions. Municipal solid waste leachate and industrial waste leachate are effectively discriminated by the content of S $O_4$$^{2－}$, Fe, and heavy metals. The attenuation mechanism of each component was assessed using the chemical analysis. Cl-normalizing process, WATEQ4F simulation, and preceding flownet analysis. Based on the calculation of Contamination Factor, K, Na, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, HC $O_3$, Cl, F, Br and TOC are effective contamination indicators in the Nanjido landfill site, and K, Na, Ca, Mg, B, S $O_4$, HC $O_3$, Cl, F, Br and TOC in the Habsburg landfill site Particularly, TOC is the best contamination indicator in landfill sites influenced by sea water.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.318-322
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• 2008

Obesity is an increasing worldwide health problem that is strongly related to the imbalance of food intake and energy metabolism. It was well-known that several substances in the hypothalamus regulate food intake and energy metabolism. We planned an integrative study to elucidate the mechanism of the development of obesity. Firstly, to find candidate genes with the marvelous effect, the different expression in the hypothalamus between ob/ob and 48-h fasting mice was investigated by using DNA microarray technology. As a result, we found 3 genes [peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargc1a), calmodulin 1 (Calm1), and complexin 2 (Cplx2)] showing the different hypothalamic expression between ob/ob and 48-h fasting mice. Secondly, a genetic approach on PPARGC1A gene was performed, because PPARGC1A acts as a transcriptional coactivator and a metabolic regulator. Two hundred forty three obese female patients with body mass index (BMI)${\geq}$25 and 285 control female subjects with BMI 18 to<23 were recruited according to the Classification of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Among the coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) of PPARGC1A, 2 missense SNPs (rs8192678, Gly482Ser; rs3736265, Thr612Met) and 1 synonymous SNP (rs3755863, Thr528Thr) were selected, and analyzed by PCR-RFLP and pyrosequencing. For the analysis of genetic data, chi-square ($X^2$) test and EH program were used. The rs8192678 was significantly associated with obese women (P<0.0006; odds ratio, 1.5327; 95% confidence interval, 1.2006-1.9568). Haplotypes also showed significant association with obese women ($X^2$=33.28, P<0.0008). These results suggest that PPARGC1A might be related to the development of obesity.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.15 no.4 s.42
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• pp.391-405
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• 2005

Chemical and isotopic analysis for stream water, shallow groundwater, intermediate groundwater and deep groundwater was carried out to grasp hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Heunghae area, Pohang city. Water type of stream water and shallow groundwaters is typified as Ca-Cl type, intermediate groundwater is $Na-HCO_3$, and deep groundwater is prominent in Wa-Cl type. $HCO_3^-\;and\;SiO_2$ in shallow groundwater are originated from weathering of silicate minerals, whereas those of deep groundwaters are resulted from weathering of carbonate minerals. Ca and Mg ions in both shallow and deep groundwaters are resulted from weathering of calcite and dolomite. $SO_4^{2-}$ in shallow groundwater is originated mainly from pyrite oxidation. As well depth increases, pH and TDS increase, but Eh and DO decrease. Alkali metal contents(K, Na, Li) increases as well depth increases, but alkali earth metal(Mg, Ca) and hi concentrations increase as well depth decreases. Anions, halogen elements(F, Cl, Br), and $HCO_3$ contents increase as well depth increases. The average stable isotope value of the groundwater of each depth is as follows; deep groundwater: ${\delta}^{18}O=-10.1\%o,\;{\delta}D=-65.8\%_{\circ}$, intermediate groundwater: ${\delta}^{18}O=-8.9\%_{\circ},\;{\delta}D=-59.6\%_{\circ}$, shallow groungwater : ${\delta}^{18}O=-8.0\%_{\circ},\;{\delta}D=-53.6\%_{\circ}$, surface water : ${\delta}^{18}O=-7.9\%_{\circ},\;{\delta}D=-53.3\%_{\circ}$ respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.551-558
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• 1992

The extracellular endoinulase from Streptomyces sp. 556 was purified and characterized, The culture broth was fractionated by ammonium sulfate saturation followed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and 5ephadex G-200 gel filtration, The ultimately purified fraction revealed a single band in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electropherogram. The purified enzyme showed the maximal activity at pH 5.5-6.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, but lost 93% of inulase activity after 30 min incubation at $55^{\circ}C$ . The essen.tial amino acid residue for catalytic activity appeared to be tryptophan. This endo inulase was activated by $Mn^{2+}$, whereas inactivated by $Ag^{+}$, $Hg^{+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Fe^{3+}$ and $Mo^{6+}$ EDTA and 8-hydroxyquinoline inhibited the enzyme so that the enzyme was considered to be a metalloenzyme. The Km value for inulin was 0.287 mM, and no invertase or $\alpha$-glucosidase activity was found in the enzyme.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.193-218
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• 1974

These studies were carried out for the elucidation of liming effect on the growth of rice seedlings and the chemical characteristics of an acid sulphate paddy that shows not only extremely high acidity of soil but also poor growth of rice plants, consequently low yield. Thus the liming effect on the changes of acidity, oxidation-reduction potential, and the contents of iron, aluminium, sulphate, and phosphorus fractions in the soil was investigated under the waterlogging and drying condition. The reclaimable or inhibitory effect of phosphorus, iron and aluminium on the growth of rice seedlings was also investigated under liming. The results are summarized as follows: 1. After liming, the pH of the acid sulphate subsoil decreased again on drying. 2. The oxidation-reduction potential reached a minimum after 5 days of flooding and greatly decreased on liming but increased after drying. 3. The contents of ferrous iron soluble in water-and Morgan's solution reached a maximum after 15 days of flooding and only the content of water soluble ferrous iron was greatly decreased. 4. The content of aluminium soluble in water-and Morgan's solution decreased by flooding and liming, and showed a tendency to increase on drying. 5. In the limed acid sulphate soil, the content of water soluble calcium showed a highly significant negative correlation with the content of sulphate and liming decreased sulphate content in the soil. 6. The contents of total phosphorus was 496.3 ppm in the acid sulphate topsoil and 387.5 ppm in the subsoil. The content of each phosphorus fraction was in the order of Fe-P>Occ. Fe-P>Ca-P>Occ. Al-P>Al-P and Fe-P content in the soil was the highest fraction among them. 7. Lime application increased greatly Ca-P and Al-P, and Occ. Fe-P and Occ. Al-P only slightly, but decreased Fe-P differently in each soil. 8. Effect of phosphorus on the dry matter yield of rice seedlings was great. The optimum amount of phosphorus to produce maximum dry matter yield of rice seedlings appeared to be 6.8% of maximum absorption (absorption coefficient) without liming and 10.0% with liming. 9. In rice seedlings liming increased the content and uptake of calcium and silica but decreased those of iron and aluminium. Phosphorus application increased the content and uptake of phosphorus and decreased iron while the application of iron and aluminium increased their contents and uptake but decreased those of phosphorus. 10. Liming greatly alleviated such toxicity of iron and aluminium. 11. When phosphorus was applied, the dry matter yield of rice seedlings showed highly significant positive correlations with uptake of phosphorus, calcium and silica each. When iron and aluminium were applied, dry matter yields indicated significant positive correlations with the contents or uptake of calcium and silica each, but significant negative correlations with the content or uptake of iron and aluminium. 12. Under the application of phosphorus and lime, dry matter yields showed significant positive correlations with pH and Morgan's extractable calcium each of the soil samples after harvest. Under the application of lime, iron and aluminium, dry matter yields showed significant positive correlations with pH, calcium and silica each, but negative correlations with iron and aluminium contents each of the soil samples after harvest.