• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine sensory and chemical traits of reduced-fat frankfurters made with lean lamb or lean lamb/pork (50%/50%), fat from three different sources(pork fat, lamb fat or high-oleic sunflower oil) and added water products designated as L-P-15, LP-L-15, LP-So-15 and LP-P-15, according to lean meat type, source of added fat and target fat content and to compare such products with a similar reduced-fat product made with lean beef/pork (50%/50%) with pork fat(product designated as BP-P-15) and high-fat products made with lean beef/pork (50%/50%) or lamb/pork (50%/50%) with pork fat (BP-P-30 and LP-P-30). Actual fat contents of reduced-fat and high-fat products formulated for 15% and 30% fat were 17~18% and 28~31%, respectively, after processing. Processing yields were lower for all reduced-fat products than for the high-fat products. Trained sensory panelists rated LP-P-15 less intense in lamb flavor as compared to LP-L-15 and LP-So-15. Off-flavor intensity was positively correlated with lamb-flavor intensity (r=0.80), whereas frankfurter-flavor intensity was negatively correlated with lamb-flavor intensity (-0.88) and off-flavor intensity (r=-0.90). According to consumer panelists, LP-P-15 was as desirable in flavor as BP-P-15 or the two high-fat products (BP-P-30 and LP-P-30), while LP-So-15 and LP-L-15 were not. LP-P-15 and BP-P-15 were not notably different from their high-fat counterparts in juiciness and texture desirability and overall palatability. Regardless of fat content, meat type and fat source, there was little lipid oxidation when vacuum-packaged products were refrigerated for 12 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 2006

One of the most widely recognized neurophysiologic endophenotypes for schizophrenia is deficient gating or inhibition of the P50 component of the auditory event-related potential(ERP). A deficit in P50 sensory gating refers to a dysfunction in the mechanism responsible for modulating the brain's sensitivity of filtering out irrelevant or background stimuli, perhaps as a result of dysfunction in inhibitory neural circuits. In this paper, we review the neuronal and genetic aspects as well as medication effects on P50 in schizophrenia.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.293-297
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• 2021

Herein, two experiments were performed to determine the appropriate pH range and immersion time for organic acid-activating treatment (OAT) in a Pyropia farm. The effects of pH (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00) on the cell mortality of Pyropia yezoensis and Ulva linza thalli were tested after 20 sec of immersion under OAT. In addition, the cell mortality of the two species was estimated under various combinations of immersion time (30, 60, and 120 sec) and pH (1.00, 1.50, and 2.00). Upon 20 sec of immersion under OAT conditions, the cell mortality of P. yezoensis did not differ at any pH but that of U. linza exceeded 90% at a pH range of 0.50-1.00. P. yezoensis showed little cell mortality upon 30 sec of immersion, but its mortality exceeded 55% upon 120 sec of immersion at a pH range of 1.00-1.50. U. linza showed 67.9-100% mortality at a pH of 1.50 and 100% mortality at a pH of 1.00, regardless of the immersion time (30-120 sec). These results indicate that for the effective removal of U. linza, the optimal pH range is 1.00-1.50 and the optimal immersion time is 20-30 sec.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield, and chemical compositions of corn hybrids for silage according to the drainage depths in a lowland paddy field. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with four treatments and three replications. The drainage depths of the four treatments were 0 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Tip-filling degree, ear length, and ear circle were higher in the 30 cm and 50 cm treatments compared with the other treatments (p < 0.05); but the plant length, leaf length, leaf width, ear height, stem diameter, and stem hardness were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The brix was higher in the order of 20 cm > 0 cm > 50 cm > 30 cm treatment. The fresh yield, dry matter yield, and TDN yield increased as the drainage depth increased (p < 0.05). The crude-protein and crude-ash content were highest in the 50 cm treatment (p < 0.05), but the crude-fat, NDF, ADF, and crude-fiber levels were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The total mineral content was higher in the order of 0 cm > 30 cm > 20 cm > 50 cm treatment (p < 0.05). Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were highest in the 20 cm treatment. The total amino-acid (EAA + NEAA) content was the highest in the 50 cm treatment. Based on these results, greater drainage depths increased the yield and feed value of silage corn.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.127-142
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• 1983

This thesis was to investigate sex defferencd by employing the methodes of Bernadskij's and it's modification by means of the evaluation of pH of dentin in 162 extracted teeth. The obtained were as follows: 1. In 72% of all experinments, pH of human dentin substance was higher in female than in male. Mean pH was 13.175±0.031 in male and 13.245±0.030 in female. 2. After comparative studies on each pH in anatomical region of tooth arrangement, the sex difference of pH was most obviously showed in molars. 3. In pH change according to ages, the 30's was the highest in male and the 20's in female, also pH showed decresing tendency by the increasing of age in both male and female. 4. There was no pH difference in anatomical regions of tooth arrangment. 5. Mean pH was 13.282±0.013 in under 50 years of age and 13.282±0.022 over 50. It proved that pH was higher in under 50 years of age than in over 50.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2001

This study was performed to know the effect of depolymerized alginate obtained by hydrolysis of alginate through a heating process at $121^{\circ}C$ on intestinal environment, Rats were fed with diets containing $1\%$, $5\%$, and $10\%$ of each depolymerized alginate (HAG-10, HAG-50, HAG-100 and alginate) for 35 days, The changes of weight, moisture content, pH and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) of fecal, and a short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were checked in the rats. The fecal weight and moisture content were the highest in rats fed with alginate diets (p<0.01), followed by HAG-100, HAG-50 and HAG-10 in order. The $5\%$ of HAG-50 diets induced a significant increase in contents of protein and lipid of feces, resulting in the decrease of apparent digestibility of protein and lipid (p<0.01). The pH and VBN content in feces of the rats decreased in $5\%$ and $10\%$ of HAG-50 diets, but $10\%$ of HAG-100 diets; $5\%$ and $10\%$ of alginate diets brought about an increase of fecal pH and VBN (p<0.01), The amount of n-butyric acid in feces was increased while propionic and acetic acid contents decreased significantly (p<0.01) in diets containing $5\%$ and $10\%$ HAG-50. However, the feces of rat fed diet containing $5\%$ and $10\%$ alginate showed a tendency to being opposite in results than that of HAG-50.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

In this study, the antimicrobial activity of niaouli leaf extracts was evaluated against skin flora. The skin flora used for experiments were three gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), and two gram-negative, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa( P. aeruginosa), and the yeast, Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale). The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effects of niouli leaf extracts or fraction included the disc diffusion assay and broth dilution assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 50% ethanol extract on B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. acnes, E. coli and P. aeruginosa were 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%, 0.13% and 0.25% respectively and the MIC values of water fraction were 0.25%, 0.25%, 4,00%, 0.25% and 0.25%. P. ovale did not show antimicrobial activities. The MIC values of methyl paraben used as positive control indicated 0.25%, 0.25%, 0.25%, 0.13% and 0.50%. Also, Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 50% ethanol extract were 2.00%, 2.00%, 1.00%, 0.50% and 2.00% individually and the MBC values of water fraction were 0.50%, 0.25%, 4.00%, 0.50% and 1.00%. The MBC values of methyl paraben indicated 1.00%, 0.500%, 0.50%, 0.50% and 1.00%. These results showed that water fraction was as good as methyl paraben except for P. acnes. The 50% ethanol extract also showed activity similar with it. Thus, it is concluded that the 50% ethanol extract/fraction of niaouli could be applicable to cosmetics as a natural preservatives effective in antimicrobial activity against skin flora.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2010

This study was to investigate antioxidant effects of mistletoe extracts by extraction conditions. Electron donating ability of 50% ethanol extract had shown 92.27% at 50 mL/g, which was higher than 1.0% and 0.1% L-ascorbate solutions (p<0.05). SOD-like activities were the most effective in all samples at 50 mL/g, which were barely detectable. The total polyphenol contents of water extracts including all extracts were the highest at 50 mL/g extracts (p<0.05). The nitrite scavenging effects were different depending on pH value; they were decreased overall as pH value was increased. Especially, nitrite scavenging effects were the most effective in pH 1.2, which showed more than 80% (p<0.05). Tyrosinase-inhibitory activities ranged at fewer than 10%. These results indicate that mistletoe extracts are potential sources of natural antioxidant.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.605-614
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of TMR on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production of goat with different forage sources. The experiment was arranged 4×2 factorial design. The different forage sources were rice straw (RS), Italian rye grass (IR), timothy (TI) and alfalfa (AL), respectively. There were two different forage : concentrate ratios such as 20:80 (20) and 50:50 (50), respectively. Therefore, totally 8 treatments were used: 1) RS20, 2) RS50, 3) IR20, 4) IR50, 5) TI20, 6) TI50, 7) AL20, and 8) AL50, respectively. The rumen fluid of goat was collected from the slaughterhouse. For fermentation parameters, ruminal pH, total gas, methane, hydrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid were determined. The pH values were within an optimal range across all treatments. Total gas productions at TI20 and AL50 were significantly greater than others (p<0.05). Methane production was significantly lower in TI and AL compared with other treatments (p<0.05). The relatively high dietary NDF content in treatments showed significantly lower methane production (p<0.05). Significant alterations treatments were detected at ammonia nitrogen concentration according to the ratio of forage : concentrate (p<0.05). AL treatment showed greater total volatile fatty acid production compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, the present study suggests that both Timothy and Alfalfa could be recommendable forage sources for goat based on results with volatile fatty acid as an energy source and methane as an index for energy loss and environmental issues. Also, the 50:50 (forage : concentrate) ratio would prefer to 20:80.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the packaging method on the lipid and protein oxidation, and color in aged top round from Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) for 14 d at $4^{\circ}C$. Catalase activity was the highest (p<0.05) in vacuum packaging (VP) treatment during storage, and was higher (p<0.05) in 50% Ox-MAP and 50% Ox-MAP+vacuum skin packaging (VSP) treatments than in other treatments at d 14. Superoxide dismutase activity was higher (p<0.05) in VP, 50% Ox-MAP, and 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments than in other treatments at d 14. During storage, total antioxidant activity was the highest (p<0.05) in VP treatment and was higher (p<0.05) in 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatment than in 80% Ox-MAP treatment. TBARS value was the lowest (p<0.05) in VP treatment during storage and was lower (p<0.05) in 50% Ox-MAP and Ox-MAP+VSP treatments than in 80% Ox-MAP and Ox-MAP treatments, respectively. Carbonyl content was the lowest (p<0.05) in VP treatment from 10 d. From 7 d, the $a^*$ value was the highest (p<0.05) in VP treatment and was higher (p<0.05) in 50% Ox-MAP and 50% Ox-MAP+VSP treatments than in other treatments. The $b^*$ value was the highest (p<0.05) in VP treatment from 3 d, and was higher (p<0.05) in 80% Ox-MAP+VSP, 50% Ox-MAP, and 50% Ox-MAP+ VSP treatments than in 80% Ox-MAP treatment at d 14. Therefore, VP improved the oxidation and red color stabilities in stored-aged top round compared with Ox-MAP. In addition, 50% Ox-MAP improved the lipid oxidation and red color stabilities compared with 80% Ox-MAP, and its inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation was enhanced by combination with VSP.