• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.215-224
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• 1999

The study was conducted to centum the construct of individual perception and preference for work characteristics as personal factors influencing Korean nurses' job satisfaction. The subjects of the study were 231 nurses who are currently working in intensive care units and have been for a minimum of 6 months. The study used the Staff Perception and Preference Scale(Song et al., 1997) to measure the individual's perception and preference on the technical. practice. and management components of the ideal work environment. The Korean version of the Staff Perception and Preference Scale consists of 16 items on perception and 13 on preference with each item related on a scale from 1(not at all) to 4(a great deal). Psychometric testing revealed that the preference and perception scale is internally consistent with Chronbach's alphas of .83 for perception scale arid .80 for preference scale. The subscales of the perception and preference scale also showed acceptable reliability for the early stage of the development of the instruments with Chronbach alphas of .62-.76 and .69-.83 respectively. Criterion-related validity of the scale was tested by examining correlations with individual growth need that is conceptually close to individual preference. but not to individual perception. Individual growth need was significantly related to individual preference(r＝.63, p<.05), but the correlation with the perception scale was not significant. A separate factor analysis for the each of perception and preference scales was performed with a three-factor loading solution based on a previous study. The results on the staff perception scale confirmed with varimax rotation that the items were cleanly and strongly loaded on technique. practice and management components, which together explained 50.7% of the variance. The factor analysis on the staff preference scale also yielded a three factor solution that explained 56.7% of the variance. but items on technique and management components were loaded together. This phenomena may due to the current nursing delivery system in Korea where nurses never experience either shared governance nor case management, and as a results they may not be able to consider management roles as their potential extended roles. Therefore, more efforts should be given to enhance nurses' autonomy and decision making in the technique, practice and management components of their work environment. Meanwhile, there is a need for continuously confirming and developing tools for individual perception and preferences to effectively enhance job satisfaction among Korean nurses through innovative work environments.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.248-258
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• 2003

This study was conducted to identify dietitians' position and role by assessing the present condition on management of human resources in contracted foodservice management company. Questionnaires were distributed to 79 contracted companies (eight large-size, 48 mid-size, 23 small-size companies) from March to May in 2002. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSSwin (version 8.0). The data were analyzed in group comparisons using frequencies and percentage for every item in the questionnaires, $x^2$-test, and oneway ANOVA. About eighty-five percent of contracted foodservice companies employed the new dietitians as full time employees, and seventy-five percent of them were promoted the dietitians by evaluation after a given period of time. As a starting payment for university graduates, large-size companies payed an average of 16,260,000 won/year, which was significantly higher (p<0.01) than those of mid-sized (11,320,000 won/year) and small-sized companies (11,620,000 won/year). The mean lengths of dietitians' service were 33.5 months in large-size companies, 26.5 months in mid-sized companies, 26.0 months in small-sized companies. It was less than 3 years in all companies (avg. 26.9 months). Fifty-four companies (68.4%) employed dietitians in each foodservice contract, whereas 25 companies didn't employ dietitians. The ratios of dietitians out of employees in each department of the companies were 42.6% in the department of contracted foodservice management, 19.9% in the department of menu development, 18.1% in the department of food safety, 8.7% in the department of distribution and purchase, 4.2% in the department of business, and 3.9% in the department of customer satisfaction. The dietitians' positions were directors in two companies (2.5%), general managers in two companies (2.5%), deputy managers in seven companies (8.9%), managers in twenty-nine companies (36.7%), assistant managers/chief clerks in twenty-four companies (30.4%), and chiefs in twenty-five companies (31.6%). The frequencies of training for dietitians were 6.2 times/year for the food safety training, 5.8 times/year for the cooking training, 4.8 times/year for nutrition-related training, and 4.7 times/year for service training.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.373-382
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• 2012

With the paradigm shifts towards consumer-centered health service, it is expected that more health care consumers will keep their health information and manage their own health in the future. Thus, this study was conducted to compare "Understanding", "Utilization" and "Management" of Personal Health Record(PHR) between medical users(healthcare students) and health care providers(medical students). We collected data from 208 health and medical students via using self-reported questionnaires form April to June, 2011. The collected data were analyzed using frequency, t-test, Chi-square on SPSS 19.0 version. There was no significant difference in "Understanding" of PHR between two groups. Looking at the order of the importance of PHR contents, two groups equally emphasized medical records, surgical history, and test results. There was significant difference in both time and effectiveness of PHR(p=0.02). Intergrated type of PHR was preferred by both groups. Recently, PHR reflects needs and demands of users more than ever. However there are many limitations to promote the utilization. In the future, it is necessary to implement targeted strategies for the elderly groups and specific types of disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.6899-6902
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• 2015

Background: Retinoblastoma (RB) is rare, albeit the most common primary intraocular malignancy among children. To elucidate the true incidence, trend and survival, we studied incidences and trends of retinoblastoma in a large population with long-term follow-up using data from 3 population-based cancer registries. Objective: To describe the incidence, trends and survival of RB between 1990 and 2009 in Khon Kaen, Songkhla and Chiang Mai, Thailand. Materials and Methods: We sourced the data from the cancer registries in Khon Kaen, Songkhla and Chiang Mai on children with retinoblastoma, diagnosed between 1990 and 2009. Retinoblastoma was defined as per the International Classification of Disease for Oncology version 3 using the code 9510/3. Incidence was analyzed using the standard method with the criteria of the International Association of Cancer Registries. The Kaplan-Meier method was applied to calculate cumulative survival. Trends were calculated using the log rank test. Results: We identified 75 cases of children between 0 and 15 years of age diagnosed with RB (Khon Kaen 31, Chiang Mai 20, Songkhla 24). Males and females were equally affected. The most common age group was 0-4 years. The morphological verification of the disease was 90.7%. The respective ASR in Khon Kaen, Chiang Mai and Songkhla was 4.4, 4.0 and 4.6 per million; for which the overall ASR for all 3 areas was 4.3 per million. The respective trend in incidence was 4, 2.8, 5.8 and 5.4 during 1990-4, 1995-9, 2000-4 and 2005-9. Overall, incidence trended gradually upward by 2% annually. The respective survival rate in Khon Kaen, Chiang Mai and Songkhla was 50, 40 and 75% (differences not significantly different at p=0.14) and the overall survival for all centers was 60%. Conclusions: Over the last two decades, the incidence and overall survival of retinoblastoma has increased. The ASRs and survival in Thailand were less than those in resource-rich countries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.2479-2483
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• 2016

Background: This study explored the knowledge and awareness about colorectal cancer (CRC) among undergraduate students of one of the leading universities in Saudi Arabia, along with the mode of information access. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at the King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, among students of different faculties. The study questionnaire, containing 28 items, was adapted from surveys identified in the relevant literature. The CRC awareness questionnaire consisted of an awareness section (early CRC signs and symptoms, and risk factors) and a knowledge section. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 21.0. Results: A total of 525 undergraduate students participated in the study. The majority were females (63.0%) and approximately half (56.8%) were medical students. The majority of the students (82.3%) were aware of CRC, and 68% thought that CRC is a preventable disease. Regarding colorectal cancer screening tests, only one-third of students (33%) had actual knowledge, while the majority of the students (77.0%) thought that there are tests which help in early detection. Only 4% of the participants had a family history of CRC. The majority of the participants (84%) thought that CRC is a disease that can be cured. Almost 50-60% participants had good awareness level regarding risk factors, and signs and symptoms. Regarding knowledge, participant responses varied for family history (52%), age (59%), chronic infection of the colon (72%), obesity and lack of exercise (66%). More than one-third of the students had received information material regarding CRC from their curriculum followed by social media (20.4%), and nearly 40% from other sources such as TV, hospital and mass media. Female participants had significantly better awareness in a few questions regarding CRC awareness as compared to their male counterparts. There was a significant difference observed between medical and non-medical students (p<0.001) in overall score of awareness and knowledge about CRC while no significant difference found in gender-wise comparison. Conclusions: Knowledge and awareness of students about CRC were not up to the mark. Medical students and female students had better knowledge in a few areas, but the overall situation is dismal.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2003

연구목적: 일반적으로 IVF-ET에서 가장 높은 임신율을 얻는 방법은 5 day ET (배반포기 배아 이식)이지만 장기간 배양이 적절하지 못한 경우에는 $2{\sim}4$일째에 ET를 실시하고 나서 $5{\sim}7$일째에 배반포기에 도달한 배아를 재이식 (SET)하여, SET의 효용성에 대하여 조사하고자 실시하였다. 연구재료 및 방법: 48주기의 환자에서 회수한 난자와 수정란은 10%와 20% hFF가 첨가한 DMEM에서 이식 직전까지 각각 공배양하였다. 채란 2일 (group I, day 2 ET), 5일째 이식 (group II, day 5 ET) 또는 재이식 (group III, SET; 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 3-5, 4-7일)을 실시하면서 수정률, 할구분할률 및 임신율을 각각 비교하였다. 결과에 대한 통계 분석을 SAS (version 6.2)를 이용한 Duncan's Multiple Range Test를 이용하여 p값이 0.05 보다 작을 때 통계적으로 유의차가 있는 것으로 하였다. 결 과: 수정률은 group II (90.5%)가 다른 군에 비하여 높게 (p<0.05) 나타났다 (group I: 80.6%; group III: 82.9%). 할구분할률은 군간에 차이가 없었다 (수정란 당 $93.3{\sim}99.1%$). 임상적 임신율은 group II와 III (각각 58.3%)가 group I (33.3%) 보다 높게 나타났다. 그러나 처리군이 적어서 통계적인 차이는 없었다. 결 론: 배반포기 배아를 단독 이식하는 것이 임신율을 높일 수 있는 최선의 방법으로 나타났지만, 채란수가 적거나 수정률이 저조한 경우에는 $2{\sim}4$일째에 ET를 실시한 후 여분의 배아를 배반포기까지 배양한 다음 $5{\sim}7$일에 재이식 (SET)하면 blastocyst ET에서 나타날 수 있는 이식 자체의 실패를 방지할 수 있으면서 임신율을 높일 수 있는 이식 기법이 될 것이다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional(2D) photography and 3-dimensional(3D) soft tissue imaging. Materials and Methods: Facial images of 50 volunteers(25 males, 25 females) were captured with a Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D images were then exported to Mirror^® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc, NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF^® software (version 2.1, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements) and both linear and angular measurements on all images(indirect measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative data. Results: Linear and angular measurements carried out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than LS, with borderline significance (P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Conclusion: SPG was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser scanning.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.704-723
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to evaluate the tensile bond strength of In-Ceram alumina core treat-ed by ion assisted reaction(IAR). Ion assisted reaction is a prospective surface modification technique without damage by a keV low energy ion beam irradiation in reactive gas environments or reactive ion itself. 120 In-Ceram specimens were fabricated according to manufacturer's directions and divided into six groups by surface treatment methods of In-Ceram alumina core. SD group(control group): sandblasting SL group: sandblasting + silane treatment SC group: sandblasting + Siloc treatment IAR I group: sandblasting + Ion assisted reaction with argon ion and oxygen gas IAR II group: sandblasting + Ion assisted reaction with oxygen ion and oxygen gas IAR III group: sandblasting + Ion assisted reaction with oxygen ion only For measuring of tensile bond strength, pairs of specimens within a group were bonded with Panavia 21 resin cement using special device secured that the film thickness was $80{\mu}m$. The results of tensile strength were statistically analyzed with the SPSS release version 8.0 programs. Physical change like surface roughness of In-Ceram alumina core treated by ion assistad reaction was evaluated by Contact Angle Measurement, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy; chemical surface change was evaluated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The results as follows: 1. In tensile bond strength, there were no statistically significant differences with SC group, IAR groups and SL group except control group(P<0.05). 2. Contact angle measurement showed that wettability of In-Ceram alumina core was enhanced after IAR treatment. 3. SEM and AFM showed that surface roughness of In-Ceram alumina core was not changed after IAR treatment. 4. XPS showed that IAR treatment of In-Ceram alumina core was enabled to create a new functional layer. A keV IAR treatment of In-Ceram alumina core could enhanced tensile bond strength with resin cement. In the future, this ion assisted reaction may be used effectively in various dental materials as well as in In-Ceram to promote the bond strength to natural tooth structure.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.175-190
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• 2011

Objectives: Even though there has been no consensus on the concept of viscera organ between the oriental and western medicine, we tried to investigate the correlation between clinical biomarkers of five Jang and chronological age and develop the models for predicting five Jang biological ages by statistical analysis. Methods: We obtained data from about 120,000 subjects who visited health promotion centers for health promotion and disease prevention from January 2004 to June 2009. Participants were included if they were over 20 years old, and excluded if reported to have cardiovascular disease or other serious medical illness such as cancer, malignant hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, liver disease, pancreatic disease or renal disease. Among the clinical biomarkers obtained, we selected the biomarkers which were associated with the function of 5 Jang in previous studies, or showed statistically significant correlation with age. Multiple regression models were used for building prediction models of biological age after adjusting for potential confounders for men and women, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to examine the linear relationship between age and various biomarkers, and multiple regression analysis was used for building the prediction models of five Jang biological ages for men and women, respectively. All statistical data analysis was performed by using SPSS Version 12.0 software and statistical significance was obtained if p<0.05. Results: For males, the best models were developed using 12, 2, 8, 3, and 4 biomarkers for predicting biological ages of heart, lung, liver, pancreas, and kidney, respectively (R2 = 0.57, 0.43, 0.11, 0.24, and 0.93, respectively). Similar to males, for the females, 10, 2, 8, 3, and 4 biomarkers were selected as the models respectively (R2 = 0.76, 0.44, 0.14, 0.38, and 0.89, respectively). Conclusions: As we have developed for the first time the models for predicting five Jang biological ages with common clinical biomarkers, it is expected that these models may be used as clinical supplementary tools in the evaluation of aging status and functional decline of five Jang according to age in health promotion centers and private clinics. At the same time, it is considered that the use as objective tools to evaluate aging status and functional decline of each Jang.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the level of physical activity and identify factors influencing physical activity of first and second year nursing students. The participants were 234 female first and second year nursing students at one nursing college located in U city. Data were collected from September 5 to 15 in 2016 and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, $Scheff{\breve{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 22.0. The average level of physical activity measured by the Korean version of the Godin-Shephard Liesure-Time Exercise Questionnaire was 9.09(range 0-80). According to the physical activity group classified by leisure score index, there were 25 students(10.7%) in the active group, 31 students (13.2%) in the moderately active group, and 178 students(76.1%) in the insufficiently active group. Factors influencing the level of physical activity were intention to participate in physical activity and habit to physical activity, which together explained 21.2% of the total variance in physical activity. Therefore, this study suggests that it is necessary to develop and apply a physical activity program enhancing intention and habit to physical activity for first and second year nursing students.