• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2014

These studies were conducted to identify the effects of non-perforated breathable package film on storability at $1^{\circ}C$, $8^{\circ}C$, and $20^{\circ}C$ storage of 'Fuji' apples. The fresh weight loss rate was less than 2.0% in all non-perforated breathable films at three different storage periods and temperatures, $1^{\circ}C$; 210 days, $8^{\circ}C$; 75 days, and $20^{\circ}C$; 30 days except for the perforated film. 1,300 cc ($1^{\circ}C$), 5,000 cc ($8^{\circ}C$), and 10,000 cc ($20^{\circ}C$) films were closed at the optimum MA storage condition by carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration. Ethylene concentration was lowest at the 40,000 cc film in every temperatures during storage. The 1,300 cc film established higher result in soluble solid and vitamin C content than any other films at $1^{\circ}C$, also showed higher in visual quality by panel test. The 5,000 cc film had the best results on soluble solid and off-flavor in $8^{\circ}C$. In the $20^{\circ}C$ storage after 30 days of treatment the 10,000 cc film had highest firmness and visual quality. Following these results, it come to conclusion the suitable type of non-perforated breathable film such as 1,300 cc at $1^{\circ}C$, 5,000 cc at $8^{\circ}C$, and 10,000 cc at $20^{\circ}C$ for MA storage in 'Fuji' apples.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.291-296
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• 2009

This study was conducted to compare the storability of 6 chicory cultivars for producing chicon; 'Vintor', 'Focus', 'Metafora', 'Kibora', 'Nobus', and 'Redoria Red' grown in 2 regions: Chuncheon (plain region) and Pyeongchang (high land region). Chicons were produced from chicory roots that grown for 120days and then stored for over 120days at $2^{\circ}C$ and 90% of RH conditions. To produce chicon, chicory root was forced at $18^{\circ}C$ for 22days with suppling the nutrient solution ($KNO_30.54g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $Ca(NO_3)_2\;1.02g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $MgSO_4\;0.36g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $KH_2PO_4\;0.21g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $K_2SO_4\;0.10g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, pH 7.0). Chicons produced from 6 different chicory cultivars packed with $25{\mu}m$ ceramic film and stored for 25days at $8^{\circ}C$. The fresh weight of chicon in MAP was maintained to 99.5% of pre-storage weight. The fresh weight of 'Redoria Red' was lowest in all cultivars, and that of Chuncheon region cultivated treatment was lower than Pyeongchang treatment. The $CO_2$ and $O_2$ concentration in chicon MAP were 2% and $10{\sim}17%$. There were not significantly different among cultivars and between regions, although 'Redoria Red' cultivar showed highest $CO_2$ and lowest $O_2$ concentrations. The ethylene concentration in chicon MAP was $1.0{\mu}{\iota}{\cdot}{\iota}^{-1}$ and also didn't show any significant difference among all treatments. Chicon detoriorated visual quality with appearing russet spotting that result from ethylene gas. The visual quality of 'Redoria Red' cultivar decreased faster than the other cultivars. 'Metafora', 'Focus', and 'Kibora' maintained higher firmness of their leaf than the others, and the firmness was higher grown in Pyeongchang region cultivated treatments than in Chuncheon region.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2014

This study was conducted to find out the appropriate packaging materials to extend the storability and maintain the quality of cherry tomato for modified atmosphere (MA) storage. Tomatoes were grown by hydroponic at a plastic house in Gangwon Province. Light red maturity stage tomatoes were harvested and packed with MA condition (10,000; 20,000; 40,000; 60,000; 80,000; and $100,000cc/m^2.day.atm$ $O_2$ permeability film) and perforated film to store at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. The fresh weight loss was less than 0.6% in all non-perforated breathable films at $^5{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$, but perforated film had less than 2.93% at $5^{\circ}C$, 13.29% at $11^{\circ}C$ and 27.24% at $24^{\circ}C$. The 20,000cc at $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$, and the 40,000cc film at $24^{\circ}C$ balanced optimum carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration in the package to maintain quality. The 10,000cc film was appeared the significantly highest ethylene concentration at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$, this film had the lowest $O_2$ permeability. Visual quality, firmness, and soluble solids were maintained in 20,000cc films both at $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$, the 40,000cc film at $24^{\circ}C$. There was no any trend in titratable acidity and vitamin C content of treated packed film types and temperatures at cherry tomatoes packages. Therefore, the appropriate MA condition for $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ is $20,000cc/m^2.day.atm$ $O_2$ permeability film; for $24^{\circ}C$ it is $40,000cc/m^2.day.atm$ $O_2$ permeability film because those films extended the storability through the firmness, soluble solids as well as visual quality.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.294-301
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• 2004

Effects of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and such other proteins as bovine serum albumin(BSA), ovalbumin, lysozyme, and v-globulin on the autoxidation rates of L-ascorbic acid(AsA) in the absence of heavy metal ions and in the presence of Fe(III) or Cu(II) ions in water were examined. AsA was dissolved in a ultra-refined water at a concentration of 50 ${\mu}$M and 5 ${\mu}$M Fe(III) or 0.1 ${\mu}$M Cu(II) were added, and a oxygen gas was bubbled through the solution at a flow rate of 200 ml/min at 35$^{\circ}C$. The amount of remaining AsA in the reaction mixture was determined by using a UV spectrophotometer(at 265 nm). It was found that the Cu(II) at a concentration of 0.1 ${\mu}$M had a more accelerated for the autoxidation of AsA than Fe(III) at 5 ${\mu}$M. Moreover, it was confirmed that the ratio of remaining AsA was significantly larger in the presence of SOD, CAT, BSA, ovalbumin, lysozyme, and v-globulin than in the absence of proteins. The stabilization of AsA by various proteins were confirmed during the autoxidation of AsA in the presence of Fe(III) or Cu(II) in water. It was suggested that the non-enzymatic effects of SOD, CAT and some other proteins might be involves in the stabilization of AsA.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the possibility of water purification by a wild train of Oenanthe javanica DC. Three commercially available dishwashing detergents and a standard surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), were used for this study. The experiment was done in 1.5 ι transluscent aquariums. The plants were distributed into various concentrations of detergents and various kinds of detergent in the separate aquariums. The wet weight of the plants was significantly decreased (p<0.05), and the visual vitality of the plants also decreased in 2 days. The higher the concentration of detergent was, and the more time the plants were exposed to the detergents, the more decrease of growth was observed. The pH value of the culture media decreased in 2 days and in 4 days, then slightly increased in 6 days. However, the pH value of the media did not return to the initial neutral level of pH in 6 days. The pH value of the culture media containing the LAS remarkably increased in 6 days and increased to a neutral pH value in 18 days (p<0.01) as the pH of the other culture media. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the culture media gradually increased over the 4 days. A decrease of COD was observed in 6 days, but no tendency was observed between 12 and 18 days. The detergent in the culture media was highly significantly decreased in 2 days (p<0.01) and gradually decreased after this. After 6 days the remaining detergent was 12.4∼23.7% from the various levels of initially added concentration, and 22.4 ∼34.2% from the flour kinds of detergents. These results show that the reduction of detergent was caused by Oenanthe javanica and the effect was significant during the first 6 days when the plants were still growing well. These results indicate that the plant purifies contaminated water for several days and the effect could be variable according to the level of contamination and the environment in which the plant grows.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2008

We have surveyed the variation of physical and chemical characteristics of aerobic and anaerobic outdoor fermentation of cotton wastes using for oyster mushroom cultivation. The inner temperature of cotton wastes fermented aerobically covered with thin cloth and setting pallet at bottom was higher than that of anaerobic fermented cotton wastes covered with P.E vinyl and the maximum temperature was $75^{\circ}C$ at 5th day after fermentation. pH of cotton wastes fermented aerobically was increased up to 8.9 after fermentation of $9{\sim}12$ days, but that of anaerobically fermented was decreased up to 5.0. Total carbon content was decreased but total nitrogen content was increased when fermentation was in progress. Oxygen concentration of cotton wastes fermented aerobically was decreased until 6 days after fermentation but increased after 9 days of fermentation. Ammonia concentration of cotton wastes fermented aerobically and anaerobically was below 10 ppm and $20{\sim}85\;ppm$ respectively. In anaerobic condition the cotton wastes was contaminated with mold ($15{\sim}50%$), where no contamination was found in aerobic condition during spawn running stage. Yields of mushroom grown on cotton wastes aerobically fermented for $6{\sim}9$ days was $23.0{\sim}23.6\;kg$ per $3.3\;m^2$ area.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.599-609
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• 2015

In order to investigate why OSA (oxic-settling-anaerobic) process produces less sludge than CAS (conventional activated sludge) process, sequential cultivation through 1^st aerobic-anaerobic-2^nd aerobic conditions, were carried out. Then, the intracellular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD and NADH), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP and NADPH) were monitored for these three stages. Results showed that the concentrations of these energy substances rapidly decreased through time in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions but the anaerobic culture contained the lower energy level than aerobic culture. The 2^nd aerobic culture that experienced anaerobic condition showed lower concentration of these energy substances than those of the 1^st aerobic culture. Meanwhile, the anaerobic culture corresponding to the sludge holding stage of OSA was subjected to different soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) levels, detention time, and temperature to evaluate the effects of these variations on the energy level difference between the 1^st and 2^nd aerobic stages. The lower the SCOD concentration, the longer detention time; and the higher temperature in the anaerobic stage tended to further reduce the intracellular level of the 2^nd aerobic culture. On the average, the intracellular energy level of the anaerobic and 2^nd aerobic stage were 57.73% and 39.12% of the 1st aerobic culture, respectively. These indicated that the insertion of an anaerobic stage between two aerobic stages could lower the intracellular energy levels, hence the lower the sludge in OSA than CAS process. Moreover, manipulation of the operating conditions of the intervening anaerobic stage can change intracellular energy levels thereby controlling sludge production.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.261-267
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae fed on fermented oak sawdust (FOS) or spent mushroom substrates (SMS, Pleurotus eryngii). Total polyphenol content was 32% higher in extracts of larvae fed on SMS (P. eryngii) (75.33±0.43 mg GAE/g) than in extracts of larvae fed on FOS (57.02±1.73 mg GAE/g). The flavonoid content of extracts of larvae grown on FOS and SMS (P. eryngii) was 24.6±0.28 mg/g and 25.4±0.75 mg/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity increased in an extract concentration-dependent manner, and the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the extract of larvae produced on SMS (P. eryngii) was higher than that of the larvae produced on FOS. The reducing power of the larval extracts produced on FOS and SMS (P. eryngii) increased in an extract concentration-dependent manner, but there was no significant difference between them. The extract of larvae fed on SMS (P. eryngii) (66.55±0.99 uM TE/g) had a higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) than extracts of larvae grown on FOS (76.32±0.48 uM TE/g). The effect of larval extracts on cell proliferation was investigated using a WST-1 (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate) assay on RAW 264.7 cells. When cells were treated with larval extracts produced on FOS and SMS (P. eryngii) at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 40, and 64 mg/ml, RAW 264.7 cells proliferated at 90% or more. Therefore, larval extracts produced on FOS and SMS (P. eryngii) were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.487-499
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• 2000

Background : Acute lung injury is an hypoxic respiratory failure resulting from damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane, which can be developed by a variety of systemic inflammatory diseases. In this study the therapeutic effects of intra-tracheal pulmonary surfactant instillation was evaluated in the intratracheal endotoxin induced acute lung injury model of a rat. Methods : Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups, and normal saline (2 ml/kg, for group 1) or LPS (5 mg/kg, for group 2, 3, and 4) was instilled into the trachea respectively. Either normal saline (2 ml/kg, for group 1 & 2, 30 min later) or bovine surfactant (15 mg/kg, 30 min later for group 3, 5 hr later for group 5) was instilled into the trachea. The therapeutic effect of intratracheal surfactant therapy was evaluated with one chamber body plethysmography (respiratory frequency, tidal volume and enhanced pause), ABGA, BAL fluid analysis (cell count with differential, protein concentration) and pathologic examination of the lung. Results : Intratracheal endotoxin instillation increased the respiration rate decreased the tidal volume and int creased the Penh in all group of rats. Intratracheal instillation of surfactant decreased Penh, increased arterial oxygen tension, decreased protein concentration of BAL fluid and decreased lung inflammation at both times of administration (30 minute and 5 hour after endotoxin instillation). Conclusion : Intratracheal instillation of surfactant can be a beneficial therapeutic modality as discovered in the acute lung injury model of rats induced by intratracheal LPS intillation. It deserves to be evaluated for treatment of human acute lung injury.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.110-123
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• 1986

To know the ecological pattern of bulrush (Scirpus juncoides Roxb.) seeds and overwintreed stumps in germination and sprouting responses as affected by different temperature (7 trt.), light intensity (5 trt.), shading intensity (S trt.), light quality (specturm spectrum; 6 trt.), soil acidity (7 trt.), stump sizea (weight base; 5 trt.), and molding depth (6trt.), respectively, this serial studies were conducted by use of growth chamber, incubator, Wagner pot and petri-dish. Most efficient treatment was obtained from 25-$35^{\circ}C$ temperature, higher light intensity in 2-11 klux range, 95% shading intensity, clear and yellow film for seeds/clear and blue film for stumps, soil pH 5.53, 3-4g stump weight, 0-5% wxygen concentration, 1 ㎝ flooding depth for seeds, and 1-1.5cm molding depth for seeds/0.5-1.0 cm molding depth for stumps, respectively, among others.