• ALGAE
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.313-323
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• 2015

Lipid peroxidation means the oxidative degradation of lipids. The process from the cell membrane lipids in an organism is generated by free radicals, and result in cell damage. Phlorotannins, well-known marine brown algal polyphenols, have been utilized in functional food supplements as well as in medicine supplements to serve a variety of purposes. In this study, we assessed the potential anti-lipid peroxidation activity of phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A), one of the phlorotannins, isolated from Ecklonia cava by centrifugal partition chromatography in 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-stimulated Vero cells and zebrafish system. PFF-A showed the strongest scavenging activity against alkyl radicals of all other reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited a strong protective effect against ROS and a significantly strong inhibited of malondialdehyde in AAPH-stimulated Vero cells. The apoptotic bodies and pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3, which were induced by AAPH, were strongly inhibited by PFF-A in a dose-dependent manner and expression of Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptotic protein, was induced. In the AAPH-stimulated zebrafish model, additionally PFF-A significantly inhibited ROS and cell death, as well as exhibited a strong protective effect against lipid peroxidation. Therefore, these results suggest that PFF-A has excellent protective effects against ROS and lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH in both an in vitro Vero cell model and an in vivo zebrafish model.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.155-171
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• 2020

Fermented products, including sausages, provide several health benefits, particularly when probiotics are used in the fermentation process. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxicity (against Caco-2 and MCF-7 cell lines), antihypertensive activity via angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, antioxidant capacity, antidiabetic activity via α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, proteolysis rate, and oxidative degradation of fermented camel and beef sausages in vitro by the novel probiotic Lactococcus lactis KX881782 isolated from camel milk. Moreover, camel and beef sausages fermented with commercial starter culture alone were compared to those fermented with commercial starter culture combined with L. lactis. The degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity against Caco-2 and MCF-7, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and ACE inhibitory activities were higher (p<0.05) in fermented camel sausages than beef sausages. In contrast, the water and lipid peroxidation activity were lower (p<0.05) in camel sausages than beef sausages. L. lactis enhanced the health benefits of the fermented camel sausages. These results suggest that camel sausage fermented with the novel probiotic L. lactis KX881782 could be a promising functional food that relatively provides several health benefits to consumers compared with fermented beef sausage.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.457-465
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• 2018

The expression of BCL-2 interacting cell death suppressor (BIS), an anti-stress or anti-apoptotic protein, has been shown to be regulated at the transcriptional level by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) upon various stresses. Recently, HSF1 was also shown to bind to BIS, but the significance of these protein-protein interactions on HSF1 activity has not been fully defined. In the present study, we observed that complete depletion of BIS using a CRISPR/Cas9 system in A549 non-small cell lung cancer did not affect the induction of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP27 mRNAs under various stress conditions such as heat shock, proteotoxic stress, and oxidative stress. The lack of a functional association of BIS with HSF1 activity was also demonstrated by transient downregulation of BIS by siRNA in A549 and U87 glioblastoma cells. Endogenous BIS mRNA levels were significantly suppressed in BIS knockout (KO) A549 cells compared to BIS wild type (WT) A549 cells at the constitutive and inducible levels. The promoter activities of BIS and HSP70 as well as the degradation rate of BIS mRNA were not influenced by depletion of BIS. In addition, the expression levels of the mutant BIS construct, in which 14 bp were deleted as in BIS-KO A549 cells, were not different from those of the WT BIS construct, indicating that mRNA stability was not the mechanism for autoregulation of BIS. Our results suggested that BIS was not required for HSF1 activity, but was required for its own expression, which involved an HSF1-independent pathway.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.64-76
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• 1980

Fig. 8 summarizes the present status of high yield pulp production and the directions of research on modification. A thick line indicates pulping process presently in use. As mentioned previously, one kind of modification is to introduce hydrophilic groups onto the pulp. Still unsolved is whether or not the introduction of hydrophilic groups should be restricted to lignin only. Goring (28) reported that middle lamella lignin has fewer phenolic hydroxyl groups than cell wall lignin and suggested that such a difference in the lignin may be useful in the removal of middle lamella lignin. The introduction of hydrophilic groups onto pulp may not be enough to modify high yield pulp. The removal of some portion of carbohydrate may be also necessary from the standpoint of softening of pulp fibers. There is no information at what lignin and carbohydrate, and how much should be removed. The combination with synthetic high polymers may also be important in modifying high yield pulp. Prof. C. Schuerch of the State University of New York who was a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo in 1974, mentioned that the hydrophilicity of lignin would be promoted, if phenolic hydroxyl or carboxyl groups could be introduced into the aromatic nucleus of lignin. If this were possible. this process would also mean a pulp yield of more than 100%. This idea is just one example of the expectation made possible through lignin chemistry. Instead of the introduction of hydrophilic group, the oxidative degradation of aromatic nucleus of lignin may also be useful in promoting the hydrophilicity of pulp. In this case, ozone may be an excellent chemical. However, there are a lot of problems to be solved such as homogeneity of reaction and selectivity of ozone for lignin. The above ideas are summarized in Fig. 9. There are many problems to be solved in the production of an excellent high yield pulp which is comparable to chemical pulp. The information from wood chemistry hopefully will elucidate some of the problems mentioned above.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.672-684
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• 2014

The exact causes of cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unknown despite extensive studies on PD.The identification of signaling and metabolic pathways involved in PD might provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying PD. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ($MPP^+$) induces cellular changes characteristic of PD, and $MPP^+$-based models have been extensively used for PD studies. In this study, pathways that were significantly perturbed in $MPP^+$-treated human neuroblastoma SH-EP cells were identified from genome-wide gene expression data for five time points (1.5, 3, 9, 12, and 24 h) after treatment. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein processing pathway showed significant perturbation at all time points. Perturbation of each of these pathways resulted in the common outcome of upregulation of DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3). Genes involved in ER protein processing pathway included ubiquitin ligase complex genes and ER-associated degradation (ERAD)-related genes. Additionally, overexpression of DDIT3 might induce oxidative stress via glutathione depletion as a result of overexpression of CHAC1. This study suggests that upregulation of DDIT3 caused by perturbation of the MAPK signaling pathway and ER protein processing pathway might play a key role in $MPP^+$-induced neuronal cell death. Moreover, the toxicity signal of $MPP^+$ resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction through inhibition of complex I of the electron transport chain might feed back to the mitochondria via ER stress. This positive feedback could contribute to amplification of the death signal induced by $MPP^+$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.711-718
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• 2011

Effects of heating conditions and seed roasting on the lipid oxidation and antioxidants of perilla seeds were studied. Perilla seeds, that were unroasted or roasted at $180^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, were ground and heated over steam at $100^{\circ}C/1$ atm or at $135^{\circ}C/2$ atm. Lipid oxidation was evaluated by peroxide value, conjugated dienoic acids contents, and fatty acid composition. Tocopherols and polyphenols were also determined. Lipid oxidation of perilla seeds was higher during heating at $135^{\circ}C/2$ atm than at $100^{\circ}C/1$ atm, and the oxidation rate was lower in unroasted seeds than in roasted seeds. Degradation of tocopherols and polyphenols in perilla seeds during heating was faster under high pressure and temperature, and was decreased by seed roasting. Contribution of polyphenols to the oxidative stability of perilla seeds during heating was higher than that of tocopherols, suggesting polyphenols and seed roasting as important factors in lipid oxidation of perilla seeds.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 2013

Phenolic antioxidants are effective stabilizers that provide excellent long-term heat stability by preventing thermo-oxidative degradation during processing and service life. However, under a selected set of circumstances, certain types of phenolics have been susceptible to discoloration due to prolonged storage in an environment containing oxides of nitrogen. It is investigated that the effect of addition of secondary antioxidant and chemical structure of primary antioxidant on discoloration of amorphous poly-${\alpha}$-olefin (APAO), which is especially prone to be decomposed in high processing temperature. From the result, it is concluded that a higher level of steric hindrance of phenolic antioxidant provided by long alkyl chain allows a more enhanced synergic effect with secondary antioxidant.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.161-173
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• 2005

Objective : The water extract of Seokchangpowonji-san (SWS) has traditionally been used for treatment of dementia in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of SWS rescues cells from neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. Methods & Results: This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of SWS on $\beta-amyloid$ or $H_2O_2$-induced$ cytotoxicity in neuro 2A cells. $H_2O_2$ markedly decreased the viability of neuro 2A cells, which was characterized by apparent apoptotic features such as membrane blebbing as well as fragmentation of genomic DNA and nuclei. However, the water extract of SWS significantly reduced $H_2O_2-induced$ cell death and apoptotic characteristics through reduction of intracellular peroxide generation. Also, the. extract prevented the mitochondrial dysfunction including the disruption of mitochondria membrane permeability transition (MPT) and the modulation in expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in $H_2O_2­treated$ neuro 2A cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with SWS inhibited the activation of caspase-3, and in turn, degradation of ICAD/DFF45 was completely abolished in $H_2O_2-treated$ cells. Conclusion: Taken together, the data suggest that the protective effects of the water extract of SWS against $\beta-amyloid$ induced oxidative injuries may be achieved through modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 2013

Background: The autophagy is the major route for lysosomal degradation of misfolded protein aggregates and oxidative cell components. We hypothesized that rapamycin (autophagy enhancer) would prolong the survival of motor neuron and suppress the disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: A total of 24 transgenic mice harboring the human G93A mutated SOD1 gene were used. The clinical status involving rotarod test and survival, and biochemical study of ALS mice model were evaluated. Results: The onset of symptoms was significantly delayed in the rapamycin administration group compared with the control group. However, after the clinical symptom developed, the rapamycin exacerbated the disease progression and shortened the survival of ALS mice model, and apoptosis signals were up-regulated compared with control group. Conclusions: Even though further detailed studies on the relevancy between autophagy and ALS will be needed, our results revealed that the rapamycin administration was not effective for being novel promising therapeutic strategy in ALS transgenic mice and exacerbated the apoptosis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 2011

Heat transfer oils are used in applications such as heating systems of chemical plant, refinery heat exchange systems, gas plant process, injection molding systems, and pulp and paper processing. These oils are extremely stable and resistance to thermal and oxidative degradation. In the event of a spill or accidental release of heat transfer oils, it can be ignite easily when there is an ignition source. This paper discusses the flammability and thermal stabilities of new and used oils. The flammability of the oils are assessed by measuring changes in flash point and auto ignition temperature. The thermal stability of oils are evaluated by the thermal screening unit ($TS^u$) and the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). From the experimental results, it is suggested to give fire hazard characteristics to safe precautions for the proper use and treatment of heat transfer oils.