• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.99-107
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• 1988

Samples of red ginseng. which had been manufactured and packaged by the Korea Monopoly Corporation. were stored at ambient temperatures $(12-28^{\circ}C)$ and humidities $(55-68\%)$ for one to nine years to examine their overall quality stability and. in particular. antioxidant activity. The approximate compositions. contents of various solvent extracts. and TLC and HPLC patterns of ginsenosides in the samples which are otherwise susceptible to oxidation. were stable as judged by the changes of the TLC and GLC patterns of the lipids and fatty acids. It was also found that polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic (C18: 2) and linolenic acid (C18: 3) present in the samples had been very stable during the long storage periods. The intensity of the brown color of the red ginseng samples increased significantly with storage time. The pH of the aqueous extracts of the samples also increased slightly during storage. The coloration changes seem to indicate that extensive browning reactions had occurred during storage. The reducing powers of aqueous and ethanol extracts and antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extracts also increased with storage time. The increase in reducing powers and antioxidant activity appeared to be directly attributable to the increased amounts of non-enzymatic browning reaction products formed progressively during the long storage periods. Therefore. it seems that those antioxidative compounds. which will be progressively formed in red ginseng through non-enzymatic browning reactions during the manufacturing process and long-term storage. will not only contribute to their overall quality stability but also have some significant relationship with their antiaging pharmacological effects.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.236-242
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• 2001

HfN/Si$_3$N$_4$and NbN/Si$_3$N$_4$ multilayer coatings were deposited onto a high speed tool steel substrate by reactive sputtering and their mechanical properties were evaluated in terms of the dependence of hardness and adhesion strength on the sputter deposition process parameters. The hardnesses of both HfN/Si$_3$N$_4$and NbN/Si$_3$N$_4$ multiplayer coatings increase up to the flux ratio of 0.4 but nearly do not change after that as the $N_2$/Ar flux ratio in nitride sputter deposition increases. The hardnesses of both multiplayer coatings nearly do not change with annealing at low temperatures but decrease owing to oxidation with annealing at a high temperature like 80$0^{\circ}C$ after depositing the layers by sputtering. Post-annealing at low temperatures increases the adhesion strength of the multilayers. but high temperature annealing is not desirable since it decreases the adhesion strength besides the hardness deterioration.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 1968

The Present study attempted to analyze the fate of CO diffused into the circulating blood through the alveoli. Dogs were induced to CO poisoning by rebreathing CO gas mixture contained in Krog's spirometer, by closed circuit method, for 60 minutes. The spirometer was filled initially with 282 ml of CO and 20 liters of air and oxygen, so the composition of gases were arranged as 1.4% in CO and 50% in $O_2$ at the begining of the rebreathing. Oxygen was added corresponding to the utilization of $O_2$ by the animal in proceeding of the experiment. At 60th minutes of CO rebreathing, the concentration of CO in arterial blood and in mixed venous blood were analysed and compared with each other after the CO contents were corrected with the hematocrit measured in the arterial and mixed venous blood. The distribution of CO gas to other tissues was estimated by the analysis of CO diffused into the cystic bile and into the peritoneal gas pocket which was formed by injection of 300 ml air into the peritoneal cavity prior to the CO gas rebreathing. The blood volume was measured by dilution method using $^{51}Chromium$ tagged red cells. CO amount vanished in the animal body was calculated by subtraction of total CO content in blood stream and the CO remained in closed circuit breathing system from the CO amount given to the breathing system at the begining of the experiment. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The content of CO corrected by the hematocrit value was slightly less in mixed venous blood than in arterial blood. The amount of CO diffused into the cystic bile and into the peritoneal cavity was averaged to 0.1% and 0.4% of the CO amount in 100 ml of blood, respectively. 2. For 60 minutes of CO rebreathing, CO-hemoglobin saturation reached about 77% at the 60th minutes, CO amount vanished in the experimental animal averaged 36.1 ml/dog/hr., or 21% of the total CO volume in the blood stream. The average vanishing rate of CO during 60 minutes of CO rebreathing per kg of body weight was 2.71 ml/hr. Production of CO measured in ten dogs under hypoxic condition averaged 0.023 ml/kg/hr. The major part of the CO vanished in the dogs seemed to be oxidized to $CO_2$ by various tissues of the animal. The conclusion might be delivered as such oxidation of CO to $CO_2$ by animal tissues can play a role in part of the process of recovery and protection of animal from CO-poisoning.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2015

Objectives: Lawsone (1,4 naphthoquinone) is a non redox cycling compound that can be catalyzed by DT diaphorase (DTD) into 1,2,4-trihydroxynaphthalene (THN), which can generate reactive oxygen species by auto oxidation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the phytomarker 1,4 naphthoquinone and its metabolite THN by using the molecular docking program AutoDock 4. Methods: The 3D structure of ligands such as hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) were drawn using hyperchem drawing tools and minimizing the energy of all pdb files with the help of hyperchem by $MM^+$ followed by a semi-empirical (PM3) method. The docking process was studied with ligand molecules to identify suitable dockings at protein binding sites through annealing and genetic simulation algorithms. The program auto dock tools (ADT) was released as an extension suite to the python molecular viewer used to prepare proteins and ligands. Grids centered on active sites were obtained with spacings of $54{\times}55{\times}56$, and a grid spacing of 0.503 was calculated. Comparisons of Global and Local Search Methods in Drug Docking were adopted to determine parameters; a maximum number of 250,000 energy evaluations, a maximum number of generations of 27,000, and mutation and crossover rates of 0.02 and 0.8 were used. The number of docking runs was set to 10. Results: Lawsone and THN can be considered to efficiently bind with NOS, CAT, GSH, GR, G6PDH and NADPH, which has been confirmed through hydrogen bond affinity with the respective amino acids. Conclusion: Naphthoquinone derivatives of lawsone, which can be metabolized into THN by a catalyst DTD, were examined. Lawsone and THN were found to be identically potent molecules for their affinities for selected proteins.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2012

Chaff-vinegar is known for having a variety of useful purposes in the fields of health and lifestyles. In a previous study we isolated and identified the active fractions of the polyphenol compound 7 species as a potential biomaterial for cosmeceuticals. To further test for its potential use as a functional material, we carried out an MTT assay, collagenase inhibition assay, elastase inhibition assay, tyrosinase inhibition assay, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, SOD-like activity assay and a xanthine oxidase inhibition assay. Chaff-vinegar exhibited potent collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities in a concentration dependent manner, indicating that the agent has the potential to alleviate the skin wrinkling process. Chaff-vinegar also showed 80% tyrosinase inhibition at a concentration of $100{\mu}L/mL$. DPPH radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and SOD-like activity results for each activity were 80%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Taken together, the present study suggests that chaff-vinegar is a good candidate for use as an anti-wrinkling and/or whitening agent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2010

This study was conducted with the experiment of solubilisation of excess sludge by microbubble ozone process. To improve ozone contact efficiency, microbubble ozones which its diameter were the avearge 30 ${\mu}m$, microbubble size less than 40 ${\mu}m$ occupied about over 90% of all. In treating sludge using microbubble ozones, in case microbubble ozones are injected at microbubble ozone dosage of 0.34 g $O_3/g$ SS or less regardless of sludge concentration, microbubble ozone consumption rate was found to be 100% with no emission of waste ozones. In treating sludges by each concentration, in case the initial SS concentration of sludge is set to 6,447 mg/L, 5,557 mg/L, 3,180 mg/L, 1,092 mg/L and 515 mg/L, the amount of removed SS tended to increase with increase in initial SS concentration for the same microbubble ozone dosage, and treatment of sludge with high initial SS concentration was effective in raising the oxidation efficiency of microbubble ozones. On the other hand, as a result of reviewing acid, alkali and microbubble ozone treatment as composite treatment of sludge, use of acid treatment for the pre-treatment of microbubble ozone was more effective than alkali treatment, and in case of treatment at microbubble ozone dosage 0.05g $O_3/g$ SS with the concentration of sulfuric acid infused in the sludge, the amount of removed SS, 153.9 g, was 1.9 times more than 81.2 g the amount of single treatment of microbubble ozone.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.14 no.6 s.68
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• pp.3-9
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• 2005

In this study, the separation and recovery of cerium hydroxide was investigated from the wasted cerium polishing powders. Waste cerium polishing powder contains $64.5\;wt\%$ of rare earth oxide and the content of cerium oxide is $36.5\;wt\%$. Since cerium oxide, $56.3\%$ of rare earths, is the most stable state in rare earth, the dissolution of cerium oxide in acid solution is not easy. Therefore the process of rare earth oxide by sulfation and water leaching was examined in order to increase the recovery of rare earth. Rare earth elements were recovered in the form of $\Re{\cdot}Na(SO_{4})_{2}$ by the addition of sodium sulfate to leached solution. The slurry of rare earth hydroxide was prepared by the addition of $\Re{\cdot}Na(SO_{4})_{2}$ to sodium hydroxide solution. After the oxidation of cerous hydroxide($CE(OH)_{3}$) to ceric hydroxide($CE(OH)_{3}$) by aeration, ceric hydroxide was separated from other rare earth hydroxides by controlling the acidity of solution.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.249-249
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• 2013

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a sensitive approach to detect and to identify a variety of molecules. To enhance the Raman signal, optimization of the gap between nanostructures is quite important. One-dimensional materials such as nanowires, nanotubes, and nanograsses have great potential to be used in SERS due to their unique sizes and shape dependent characteristics. In this study we investigate a simple way to fabricate SERS substrates based on randomly grown copper oxide (CuO) nanowires. CuO nanograss is fabricated on pre-cleaned Cu foils. Cu oxidized in an ammonium ambient solution of 2.5 M NaOH and 0.1 M $(NH_4)_2S_2O_8$ at $4^{\circ}C$ for 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Then, Cu(OH)2 nanostructures are formed and dried at $180^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. With the drying process, the Cu(OH)2 nanostructure is transformed to CuO nanograss by dehydration reaction. CuO nanograss are grown randomly on Cu foil with the average length of 10 ${\mu}m$ and the average diameter of a 100 nm. CuO nanograsses are covered by Ag with various thicknesses from 10 to 30 nm using a thermal evaporator. Then, we immerse uncoated and Ag coated CuO nanowire samples of various oxidation times in a 0.001M methanol-based 4-mercaptopyridine (4-Mpy) in order to evaluate SERS enhancement. Raman shift and SERS enhancement are measured using a Raman spectrometer (Horiba, LabRAM ARAMIS Spectrometer) with the laser wavelength of 532 nm. Raman scattering is believed to be enhanced by the interaction between CuO nanograss and Ag island film. The gaps between Ag covered CuO nanograsses are diverse from <10 nm at the bottom to ~200 nm at the top of nanograsses. SERS signal are improved where the gaps are minimized to near 10s of nanometers. There are many spots that provide sufficiently narrow gap between the structures on randomly grown CuO nanograss surface. Then we may find optimal enhancement of Raman signal using the mapping data of average results. Fabrication of CuO nanograss based on a solution method is relatively simple and fast so this result can potentially provide a path toward cost effective fabrication of SERS substrate for sensing applications.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.96-102
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• 2013

The possibility of instrumental differentiation of duck breast meat treated with different processing and storage conditions was investigated for industrial application. Duck breast meats, which were 1) refrigerated (fresh) after slaughter, 2) fresh but applied the torching process for the removal of remaining feathers (fresh-torched), and 3) frozen and thawed (frozen-thawed), were prepared and the torrymeter value and other quality factors were assessed. The torrymeter values of both duck breast meat and skin showed the lowest in frozen-thawed sample during the whole storage period. The drip loss of frozen-thawed sample was higher than those of fresh or fresh-torched ones. The number of total aerobic bacteria was lower in fresh-torched than fresh but both were not different from frozen-thawed at day 1 while no difference found thereafter. Sensory score of frozen-thawed sample was the lowest. The correlation analysis among the torrymeter value and quality factors of duck breast meat revealed that the torrymeter value is closely related with the total aerobic bacterial number, lipid oxidation, drip loss, and storage period but not with color. The results indicate that once the duck breast meat was frozen then thawed, drip loss and sensory quality can be affected and the torrymeter value can differentiate frozen-thawed from fresh and freshtorched duck breast meat.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.551-559
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• 2001

Sodium nitrite which is added in processing of meat process product to develope color and to keep bacteria from growing, produces toxic substance after reacting, bring about deterioration by oxidation and toxic substance. So natural material is needed to substitute this sodium nitrite for. Chitosan which is made of chitin by processing of deacetylase, has various function of antibiosis and antimutation. We studied about the substitution effect of chitosan against sodium nitrite in pork sausage. As a result, of storing the sausage, antimicrobial effect of sodium nitrite was detected by 0.35% of chitosan(M.W. 30 kDa). This chitosan had same color developing effect even though addition content of sodium nitrite reduced until 15 ppm which is less than 1/10 of standard level. And chitosan decreased fast a residual nitrite. This result shows that chitosan inhibited a formation of nitrosamine.