• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the speaking rate(overall speaking rate and articulatory rate) of Parkinson's disease patients with palilalia(PDP). Palilalia is traditionally characterized by not only compulsive repetitions of words and phrases, but also by increased rate of speech based on auditory perception. Since Souques(1908) first characterized palilalia as fast speech rate from the perspective of auditory perception, few studies have evaluated PDP speech using acoustic methods. To compare the speech rate between PDP and normal subjects, we included five PDP and eight control subjects(age over 55), as well as the date acquired under reading tasks(standardized Korean paragraph). The difference in median of the overall speaking rate was not statically significant between the PDP group(median 5.25, IQR 1.30) and normal group(median 4.76, IQR 0.71). The PDP, however, had a significantly higher syllables per second on the articulatory rate(median 6.60, IQR 1.04) than normal subjects(median 5.60, IQR 0.52). Results indicated no differences in pause over 250msec and disfluency duration between the two groups. To provide useful insight into PDP speech, multiple levels of analysis should be employed.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2012

This study deals with how stuttering changes in its frequency in a situation where adult participants who stutter are exposed to one type of background noise, that is, multi-talker babble noise. Eight American English-speaking adults who stutter participated in this study. Each of the subjects read aloud sentences under each of three speaking conditions (i.e., typical solo reading (TSR), typical choral reading (TCR), and multi-talker babble noise reading (BNR)). Speech fluency was computed based on a percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) and speaking rate was also assessed to examine if there was significant change in rates as a measure of vocal change under each of the speaking conditions. The study found that participants read more fluently both during BNR and during TCR than during TSR. The study also found that participants did not show significant changes in speaking rate across the three speaking conditions. Some discussion was provided in relation to the effect of multi-talker babble noise on the frequency of stuttering and its further speculation.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences of the speech rate according to the area in the perceptual and acoustic analysis. This study examines regional variation in overall speech rate and articulation rate across speaking situations (picture description, free conversation and story retelling) with 14 normal adult (7 in Gyeongnam and 7 in Honam area). The result of an experimental investigation shows that the perceptual speech rate differs significantly between two regional varieties of Koreans with a picture description examined here. A group of Honam speakers spoke significantly faster than a group of Gyeongnam speakers. However, the result of the acoustic analysis shows that the speech rate of the two groups did not differ. And there were significant regional differences in the overall speech rate and articulation rate on the other two speaking situation, free conversation and story retelling. It suggest that we have to study perceptual evaluation with regard to the free conversation and story retelling in future research, and based on the results of this study, a variety of researches on the speech rate will be needed on the various conditions, including various area and SLPs who have wider background and experiences. It is necessary for SLPs to train and experience more to assess patients properly and reliably.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2017

This study compares speech rate, articulatory rate, and pause between the children with mild and moderate Speech Sound Disorder (SSD) who performed Sentence Repetition Tasks and the Typically Developing children (TD) of the same chronological age. The results showed that three groups are categorized in terms of speaking rate and articulatory rate. There is no difference between the two groups with SSD children, namely between the mild and moderate groups. However, there is a significant difference in their rate of speech and the articulatory rate between the two groups, such that the two groups with SSD are significantly slower than the TD group. The results also showed that there are no significant difference in the length and frequency of pause between the moderate group and the mild group. However, there is a substantial difference between them and the TD group. This study, provided the basic data for evaluating the speech rate of the children and implies that there are limitations in speech rate among the children with SSD.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 대화체 음성에 대한 음성 인식의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 방법으로, 고속 발화음에 대해 강인한 음성 인식 방법을 제안하고 성능을 평가하였다. 제안된 기법은 입력된 음성의 속도를 정량화하여 나타내기 위한 부가적인 음성 인식 과정이 필요치 않으며, 특정 대역내의 에너지 분포를 이용하여 모음 구간을 판정하고, 단위 시간당 모음의 개수를 구하여 음성의 속도를 측정하였다. 빠른 발성음에 대한 음성 인식의 성능을 향상시키기 위해, 기존의 방법은 표준 음소 길이와 측정된 음소 길이간의 비율을 이용하여 특징 벡터를 시간축으로 확장하였다. 제안된 방법에서는 발성 속도에 따라 음성을 분류하고, 분류된 음성에 대해 서로 다른 시간축 확장 비율을 정하도록 하였다. 여기서 분류에 필요한 문턱치들과 시간축 확장 비율들은 최대 우도 방법을 이용하여 구하였다. 10자리 이동 전화 번호에 대한 음성 인식의 실험 결과, 제안된 기법에 의해 전체적으로 $17.8\%$ 오류율이 감소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2012

The purposes of this paper is to study the characteristics of compared to the speakers voice without depression and speakers with depression, and to propose a objective method for the measurement of the therapeutic effects as well as for diagnostics of depression based on the characteristics. The voice samples obtained from 11 female speakers with depression, aged from 20 to 40, diagnosed as having major depressive disorder by an psychiatrist were compared with those from 12 normal controls with matched sex, age, height, weight, education, smoking, and drinking. The voice samples are taken by a portable digital recorder(TASCAM DR-07, Japan) and analysed using the MDVP(Multi-Dimentional Voice Program) software module from CSL(Computerized Speech Lab, kay elemetrics, co, model 4100). The result of the investigation are as following. First, the average speaking fundamental frequency and loudness range of the speakers with depression group was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group. The pitch range of the control group was rather higher than that of the speakers with depression group, but without statistical significance. Overall speech rates have no statistical difference between two groups. Second, the average speaking fundamental frequency and loudness range have statistically significant negative correlation with Beck Depression Inventory, i. e. more severe depression exhibits lower average speaking fundamental frequency and loudness range. Other vocal parameters such as pitch range and overall speech rate have no statistically meaningful correlations with Beck Depression Inventory.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 정상 성인 화자의 연령세대에 따른 말 산출의 시간적 특성 간에 유의한 차이가 있는지를 분석하고, 말 산출 변수들 중에서 청년 화자와 노년 화자를 유의하게 분류할 수 있는 변수가 무엇인지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 청년, 장년, 노년의 말속도(전체 말속도, 조음속도)와 발화당 쉼 빈도, 쉼 지속시간, 쉼의 실현 위치를 살펴보았다. 국립국어원에서 배포하는 오픈 코퍼스인 서울말 낭독 발화 말뭉치에서 청년층, 장년층, 노년층 각 10명씩 총 30명 화자의 발화를 선별해 말 산출의 시간적 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 전체 말속도, 조음속도, 전체 쉼 빈도, 어절 간 쉼 빈도, 전체 쉼 지속시간, 어절 간 쉼 지속시간에 집단 간 유의한 차이가 발생했다. 사후 검정 결과, 장년층이 청년층보다, 노년층이 청년층보다 느린 말속도, 잦은 쉼 빈도, 긴 쉼 지속시간을 보였다. 반면 정상 성인에게서는 부적절한 쉼인 어절 내 쉼 빈도, 어절 내 쉼 지속시간에는 집단 간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이중 청년층과 노년층을 유의하게 구별하는 변수는 전체 말속도로 나타났다. 노년층이 한 번 쉼을 가질 때 청·장년층과 비슷한 길이지만, 훨씬 더 빈번하게 가진다는 것을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 연령세대에 따라 말 산출의 시간적 특성에 변화가 나타난다는 것을 시사한다.

• 컴퓨터교육학회논문지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2020

이 연구는 비대면 채널에서의 언어폭력이 사회적으로 이슈가 되고 있고 감정노동자들의 업무처리 상황에서 발생하는 언어폭력의 실제 사례들은 무엇이 있는가를 전문가심층면접을 통해 조사하였다. 그리고 실제 통화내용에서 언어폭력의 분포를 음성분석(SA)이라는 새로운 빅데이터 기술을 통해 확인하였다. 연구 결과 첫째 비대면 채널을 통해 일어나는 통화에서 언어폭력은 인격모독, 폭언/욕설, 무리한 요구, (성)희롱과 위협/협박으로 분류된다. 둘째 음성분석을 이용하여 이들 범주 중 가장 높은 빈도를 나타내고 있는 것은 인격모독과 폭언/욕설이었으며 인격모독에서는 하대/반말이 가장 높은 비율을 차지하고 있으며 폭언/욕설에서는 일반적 욕설의 비중이 가장 높았다. 특히 전체 언어폭력 사례에서 일반적 욕설이 차지하는 비율이 가장 높았다. 이 연구를 통해 비대면 채널 상황에서 발생하는 언어폭력의 유형을 정리하였으며 감정노동자들에게 있어서 언어적 스트레스가 직무에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는가에 대한 연구의 필요성을 시사하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2012

This study attempts to investigate the contribution of prosody to the foreign accent in Chinese speakers' English production by examining the synthesized speech of crossing native and non-native talkers' prosody and segments. For the stimuli of the foreign accent ratings, we transplanted gender-matched native speakers' prosody onto non-native talkers' segments and vice versa, utilizing the TD-PSOLA algorithm. Eight English native listeners participated in judging foreign accent and comprehensibility of the transplanted stimuli. Results showed that the synthesized stimuli were perceived as stronger foreign accent regardless of speakers' proficiency when English speakers' prosody was crossed with Chinese speakers' segments. This suggests that segments contribute more than prosody to native listeners' evaluation of foreign accent. When transplanted with English speakers' segments, Chinese speakers' prosody showed a difference in duration rather than pitch between high and low proficiency such that stronger foreign accent was detected when low proficient Chinese speakers' duration was crossed with English speakers' segments. This indicated that prosody, more specifically duration, plays a role though the prosodic role is not overall as significant as segments. According to the post acoustic analysis, the temporal features contributing to making the duration parameter prominent as opposed to pitch were found out to be speaking rate, pause duration and pause frequency. Finally, foreign accent and comprehensibility showed no significant correlation such that native listeners had no difficulty listening to highly foreign accented speech.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to evaluate and analyze Sumjin River Basin water environment system. It was necessary to improve the water quality. The data were collected from 2010 January to 2012 December including Water Temperature, pH, DO, EC, $BOD_5$, COD, TOC, SS, T-N, T-P. The data were used to study were required to; Correlation Analysis; Principle Component Analysis; Factor Analysis. The results were as followed. According to correlation analysis on $BOD_5$ against COD, TOC it revealed that the each value of correlation coefficient were 0.715 and 0.719; this means the strength of the relationship is strong. The same analysis on T-P against $BOD_5$, COD, TOC, SS has revealed that the range of the correlation coefficient value fell between 0.482 and 0.608 which means strength of the relationship between them remained normal. Through correlation analysis, it has been found that all elements except T-N have high correlation. The results of principal component analysis to target the overall water quality was extracted to three main components. The cumulative contribution rate is 68.990%. In the case of seasonal water quality, Spring and Summer are extracted to each of four main components. The cumulative contribution rate is 81.515% and 73.550% respectively. Fall and Winter are extracted to each of three main components. The cumulative contribution rate is 65.072% and 72.721% respectively. There is no seasonality in the case of factor analysis. The first common factor is $BOD_5$, COD, TOC, SS, T-P, which were classified. Totally speaking, Sumjin River Basin water system gets highly affected by the nutrient salts, organic matter and suspended solid at the same time.