• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2011

Aging in females is associated with a reduced metabolic function, increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, and cognitive dysfunction, as a result of loss in gonadal function. The change can alter the states of phosphorylation on the proteins, which cause dramatic changes in the cellular location or activity of the proteins. In this study, the differential phosphorylation of the proteins responsible for the functions related to cognition was studied using the ovariectomized adult rats. Phosphoproteomic analysis using the cerebral and hippocampal tissues could identify 51 differentially phosphorylated proteins including 12 proteins for energy metabolism, 8 cytoskeletal proteins, 6 signaling proteins, and other functional proteins in the ovariectomized rats. Further, anti-oxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin-2, which are known to be inactivated by phosphorylation, were found to be differentially phosphorylated in the cerebellum and hippocampus of the ovariectomized rats, respectively. Many of the deactivated proteins by differential phosphorylation identified in this study were overlapped to those of Alzheimer's disease cases. These results will provide information for neurodegenerative learning and memory impairments in women as brought about by menopause.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1989

중년기 여성들에서 체중증가로 인한 여러 가지 건강문제가 심각해지는데 폐경으로 인한 sex steroid hormone의 변화에 기인되는 것으로 생각된다. Sex steroid hormone의 부족은 체중, 특히 체지방의 축적을 가져오고 한편 뼈의 손실을 가져온다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐경기 후의 여성들과 유사한 조건을 만들기 위해 성숙한 암쥐를 이용하여 난소절제를 한후 장기적인 체조성의 변화를 조사하였다. 난소절제한 쥐들은 체중과 체지방의 무게가 유의적으로 증가한데 반하여 근육과 뼈의 무게는 대조군과 비교할 때 커다란 변화가 없었다. 이 연구결과는 폐경기 여성들에게 일어나는 체조성 변화에 미치는 sex steroid hormone의 영향을 조사하기 위한 실용적인 animal model로 난소절제한 쥐의 사용가능성을 암시해 주고 있다.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of a combined treatment consisting of an isoflavone diet and aerobic exercise on the Caspase 9 levels, and Bcl-2 levels during menopause, using 30 S.D ovariectomized rats as a model, over 12 weeks. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 4 experiment groups, with 8 rats in each group, as follows: (1) General diet group (GD, n=8), (2) Isoflavone diet group (ID, n=8), (3) General diet + Exercise group (GEX, n=8), (4) Isoflavone diet + Exercise group (IEX, n=8). The findings of this study were as follows: 1. Combined treatment consisting of an isoflavone diet and regular exercise resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of caspase-9 proteins (p<0.05), and a significant increase in the expression of Bcl-2 proteins (P<0.001). In addition, apoptotic cells were more decreased (p<0.001) in GEX and IEX group. This also suggests that cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women might be prevented or inhibited to exert positive apoptotic inhibitory effects by increasing Bcl-2 protein expression within aortic tissues during vascular movement and decrease caspase-9 protein.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2021

[Purpose] Sex hormones deficiency leads to dramatically bone loss in particular postmenopausal women. Royal jelly has anti-osteoporosis effect due to maintain bone volume in that condition. We hypothesized that royal jelly protein (RJP, a latent residue after extracting royal jelly) also prevents bone deficient in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, the animal model of postmenopausal women. [Methods] Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30, 6 weeks age old) were sham operated (Sham; sham operated group, n = 7), OVX control group (OC, n = 7), OVX with low RJP intake group (ORL, n = 8), and OVX with high RJP intake group (ORH, n = 8) during 8 weeks experimental periods. In the end point of this experiment, the bone samples (lumbar spine, tibia, and femur) were surgically removed under anesthesia. These bone samples were evaluated bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength. [Results] BMD of lumbar spine in RJP intake groups (ORL, ORH) were higher than that in OC group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in RJP intake volume dependent manner. BMD of tibial proximal metaphysis and diaphysis in RJP intake groups were also higher than these in OC group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01 / p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). In addition, breaking force of femur in RJP intake groups were significantly increase compared with that in OC group (p < 0.001 respectively). [Conclusion] These findings indicate that RJP contribute to prevent sex hormone related bone abnormality.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of three different concentrations of soy-isoflavones on calcium and phosphorus balance in either sham-operated or ovariectomized female rats. Seventy-two 16-week old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham operation or bilateral ovariectomy. They were provided diets containing different levels of soy iso-flavones for 6 weeks: 50 ppm (Jow isoflavone intake; LI) , 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). The subsequent fecal and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus were then measured. In the sham-operated rats, body weight gains and food efficiency ratio of the MI and HI groups were significantly lower than the control group while food intake was not different. However, there was no significant difference in the ovariectomized rats. The fecal excretion of calcium was significantly lower in the LI, MI and HI groups than the control group in sham operated rats, and significantly lower in the HI group than the control group in ovariectomized rats. Also, apparent ab-sorption rate of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference among groups. Urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus was significantly lower in the HI group than the LI group in the sham-operated rats. Urinary excretion of calcium was significantly higher in the control ovariectomized rats than in the control sham-operated rats. Retention of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference in both groups. From the above result, we see that isoflavone intake increases calcium retention through an increase in calcium absorption and also suppresses the increase of calcium excretion in urine in ovariectomy. Therefore, it is suggested that isoflavone intake is recommended for menopausal women who experience sharp bone loss due to the decrease in estrogen honnone.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.298-308
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• 1995

To investigate the effect of estrogen and dietary protein level on Ca metabolism, female rats were undergone ovariectomy or sham-operation. Ovariectomized rate were divided into either estrogen-or vehicle-treated groups. Each treatment group was again divided into 40%-casein(H) or 10%-casein(L) diet groups. All experimental diets contained 0.2% Ca, 0.4% P and fed to rats for 8 weeks. Apparant Ca absorption and Ca balance were not affected by dietary protein level and ovariectomy, however they were increased by estrogen injection and this effect was even higher in low protein groups. Urinary Ca excretion were higher in high protein groups. GFR was not affected by dietary protein level, ovariectomy, or by estrogen injection. Urinary protein excretion was higher in high protein groups, which implies that the kidney funtion was deteriorated by high protein diet, and this may account partly for the higher urinary Ca in high protein groups. Ovariectomy or estrogen treatment had no effect on urinary protein excretion. Urinary hydroxyproline was higher in ovariectomized rats and increased in high protein grous. Elevated value of ovarictomized rats was lowered by estrogen injection, especially in low protein group. Alkaline phosphatase tended to increase in ovariectomized groups and lowered with estrogen treatment, but this difference was not statistically significant. Serum PTH was not affected by ovariectomy and dietary protein level. Therefore the increased hydroxproline excretion does not seem to be attributed to PTH. Dietary protein level, ovariectomy and estrogen treatment did not affect the weights and components of femur, scapular, and 4th vertebra. Ash/wt ratio of femur was, however, lower in ovariectomized rats and increased with estrogen treatment. Therefore, among the bones studied, femur seemed to be the most vulnerable. The results of this study shows that estrogen treatment may alleviate or reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women somewhat, especially for those people with low protein diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.206-215
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of manganese (Mn) supplementation on bone status and calcium balance in ovariectomized rats according to the calcium intake levels. Total of 50 Sprague Dawley female rats (6 weeks) were divided into 5 groups and bred for 12 weeks: sham operated control group (SACa), OVX Ca deficiency group (OLCa) with Ca deficiency diet (0.1% Ca modified AIN-93N diet), OVX Ca deficiency & Mn supplement group (OLCaMn), OVX adequate Ca group (OACa; 0.5% Ca AIN-93N diet) and OVX adequate Ca & Mn supplement group (OACaMn). BMD (bone mineral density) of the femur was increased by Mn supplementation in OVX adequate Ca group. However, BMDs of spine, femur and tibia were lowered in OLCa compared to the OLCaMn group. Bone strength of tibia in OLCaMn group was significantly lower than OLCa group. Serum ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and CTx (C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links) levels were significantly higher in ovariectomized rats than those in the sham group, but they were not changed by Mn supplementation. Ca retention rate and Ca absorption rate did not differ among the experimental groups. Urinary Ca excretion was increased by Mn supplementation in Ca deficiency rats. In summary, Mn supplementation resulted in positive effects on bone mineral density ovariectomized rats with which intake adequate Ca. However, Mn supplementation on Ca deficiency ovariectomized rats resulted in decrement of BMO and bone strength by increasing Ca excretion. Therefore, it is encouraged to consider calcium intake levels in supplementation of manganese in order to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and to keep bone healthy. (KoreanJNutr2008; 41(3): 206~215)

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2008

폐경 후 여성의 비만은 독특한 생리적 현상으로 음식물 섭취가 촉진되고, 몸무게와 지방조직이 증가되고, 정상 여성보다 혈류 관련 질환 발병이 높아지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 갱년기를 유도한 흰쥐에 다시마 추출물을 투여하여 체내 지질 함량 변화에 대해 그 효과를 검토하였다. 그 결과 난소를 절제한 OVX-control군이 난소를 절제하지 않은 Sham군보다 체중이 뚜렷이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 다시마 추출물이 체중감소에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않았다. GOT 활성에서는 난소를 절제한 OVX-control군이 난소를 절제하지 않은 Sham군에 비해 GOT 활성이 증가하였으나, 난소를 절제한 후 다시마 추출물 투여에 의해 난소를 절제하지 않은 Sham군보다 GOT활성이 더 감소하는 결과가 나타났다. GPT 활성에서는 난소를 절제 한 후 다시마 추출물을 투여한 군에서는 OVX-control군에 비해 감소하는 경향을 보였는데, 특히 OVX-ST200군에서 감소하는 결과가 나타났다. 난소 절제 후 다시마 추출물 투여는 난소 절제로 인해 야기되는 혈중 총 콜레스테롤의 함량 및 혈청 지질 농도의 증가를 감소시켰다. 또한, HDL-콜레스테롤은 난소절제 군에 비해 난소절제 후 다시마 추출물을 투여하였을 때 혈중 함량이 증가하였다. 이상의 결과에서 다시마 추출물이 갱년기 장애 시 발생할 수 있는 혈 중 지질 함량 변화에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 혈류 관련 질환에 대한 개선 식품으로의 활용이 기대된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1680-1687
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• 2012

Estrogen의 감소는 다양한 생리적 변화를 초래하며 특히 심혈관계 질환을 빠르게 진행시킨다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 실험동물인 흰쥐의 난소를 절제하여 인위적으로 갱년기를 유도한 후 선인장류인 천년초 씨 추출물의 혈중 지질 함량 및 혈류 개선에 대한 영향을 검토하였다. 7주 동안 천년초 씨 추출물을 섭취한 OHS 2%, OHS 6%군은 체중이 다소 증가하여 체중감소에는 효과를 나타내지 않았지만 섭취 농도가 증가 할수록 식이효율은 낮아져 비만조절 효과의 가능성이 기대된다. 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 천년초 추출물 투여로 인한 유의성 있게 감소하는 결과가 나타나지 않았으나, 혈청 중 중성지방 함량의 경우 천년초 씨 추출물이 2%와 6% 함유된 사료를 섭취시킨 OVX-OHS 2%군 및 OVX-OHS 6%군의 경우, OVX-CON군과 비교하여 중성지방 함량이 유의적으로 감소하는 결과가 나타났다. 혈청 중 LDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 OVX-CON군의 경우 SHAM군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으나, 천년초 추출물 투여군인OVX-OHS 2%군과 OVX-OHS 6%군의 경우 OVX-CON군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하는 결과가 나타났다. 동맥경화지수(atherogenic inde, AI)는 난소 절제한 OVX-CON군에 비하여 난소 절제 후 천년초 씨 추출물 첨가식이를 섭취한 OVX-OHS 6%군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. 또한 심혈관위험지수를 나타내는 CRF역시 천년초 씨 추출물 첨가식이 섭취로 인해 감소하는 결과를 나타내었으며, 특히 OVX-OHS 6%군에서 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타냈었다. 또한 천년초 씨 추출물을 섭취로 인해 난소절제군과 비교하여 혈류 흐름을 개선시키고 혈소판 응집을 저해하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 천년초 씨 추출물이 갱년기 여성의 심혈관계 질환에 유효한 효과를 나타낼 것으로 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1841-1846
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• 2009

갱년기의 여성에는 여러 폐경 증후들이 나타나는데, 특히 에스트로겐의 감소로 인한 골 손실의 증가 등으로 골다공증질환의 발병율이 높아지게 된다. 이러한 갱년기 증후군을 치료하기 위해 호르몬 대체 요법으로 치료를 하고 있으나 유방암과 자궁암 등의 부작용에 대한 논쟁의 여지가 있어 갱년기 증후군을 치료하는데 양면성을 가진다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 쉽게 섭취 할 수 있으며, 부작용이 없는 해조류인 감태 추출물을 이용하여 in vivo 실험을 통해 갱년기 장애 시 나타날 수 있는 골 손실에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 난소 절제술을 시행한 군들에서 전체적으로 체중이 증가하였으나, 난소절제 후 감태 추출물을 투여에 의한 체중 감소는 나타나지 않아 감태 추출물이 체중 감소에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 난소절제 시(OVX-CON) 에스트로겐 결핍으로 bone turnover가 증가되어 비 난소절제(SHAM)군에 비해 혈장 중의 ALP의 활성이 증가되었으나, 난소 절제 후 감태 추출물을 투여한 군에서 그 활성이 유의적으로 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 이것은 난소 절제 후 에스트로겐의 분비가 감소되는데 반해 감태 추출물 투여가 에스트로겐 대체 작용을 함으로써 난소절제로 인한 골 손실 정도를 완화시켜 준 것으로 추측되어진다. 골 용해 지표인 혈액 중의 CTx는 난소절제군이 비 절제군에 비해 높은 수준을 보여 난소 절제군에 있어 골 용해가 증가되었음을 나타내었다. 반면 감태 추출물의 투여로 인해 CTx 함량이 감소하였으며, EC-200군의 경우 SHAM과 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 이는 난소절제로 인해 bone turnover가 증가된 상태에서 감태 추출물의 투여로 bone turnover가 감소하여 골 흡수 저해 효과를 타나낸 것으로 추정된다. 또한 결합조직 중의 collagen 함량은 난소절제로 인하여 감소하였으나, 감태 추출물의 투여에 의해 점진적으로 회복되는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 estrogen 부족으로 인한 골 손실의 예방에 감태가 유익한 효과를 가지며, 이를 활용한 기능성식품 개발도 가능할 것으로 기대되어 진다.