• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1115-1129
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• 2016

To analyze human thermal environments in protected horticultural houses (plastic houses), human thermal sensations estimated using measured microclimatic data (air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar and terrestrial radiation) were compared between an outdoor area and two indoor plastic houses, a polyethylene (PE) house and a polycarbonate (PC) house. Measurements were carried out during the daytime in autumn, a transient season that exhibits human thermal environments ranging from neutral to very hot. The mean air temperature and absolute humidity of the houses were $14.6-16.8^{\circ}C$ (max. 22. $3^{\circ}C$) and $7.0-12.0g{\cdot}m^{-3}$ higher than those of the outdoor area, respectively. Solar (K) and terrestrial (L) radiation were compared directionally from the sky hemisphere (${\downarrow}$) and the ground hemisphere (${\uparrow}$). The mean $K{\downarrow}$ and $K{\uparrow}$ values for the houses were respectively $232.5-367.8W{\cdot}m^{-2}$ and $44.9-55.7W;{\cdot}m^{-2}$ lower than those in the outdoor area; the mean $L{\downarrow}$ and $L{\uparrow}$ values were respectively $150.4-182.3W{\cdot}m^{-2}$ and $30.5-33.9W{\cdot}m^{-2}$ higher than those in the outdoor area. Thus, L was revealed to be more influential on the greenhouse effect in the houses than K. Consequently, mean radiant temperature in the houses was higher than the outdoor area during the daytime from 10:45 to 14:15. As a result, mean human thermal sensation values in the PMV, PET, and UTCI of the houses were respectively $3.2-3.4^{\circ}C$ (max. $4.7^{\circ}C$), $15.2-16.4^{\circ}C$ (max. $23.7^{\circ}C$) and $13.6-15.4^{\circ}C$ (max. $22.3^{\circ}C$) higher than those in the outdoor area. The heat stress levels that were influenced by human thermal sensation were much higher in the houses (between hot and very hot) than in the outdoor (between neutral and warm). Further, the microclimatic component that most affected the human thermal sensation in the houses was air temperature that was primarily influenced by $L{\downarrow}$. Therefore, workers in the plastic houses could experience strong heat stresses, equal to hot or higher, when air temperature rose over $22^{\circ}C$ on clear autumn days.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1987

A pilot study on indoor air concentrations of nitrogen dioxide $(NO_2)$ was undertaken in the Seoul area, Korea dudring February-April 1986. Indoor and outdoor data on nitrogen dioxide concentrations were obtained for 48 private residences. Personal exposure to $NO_2$ was also investigated. Indoor outdoor ratio of $NO_2$ concentrations was 0.87, while the correlations between the indoor and outdoor levels were less than 0.50 for $NO_2$. Homes with an unvented space heater had average living room $NO_2$ concentrations approximately double those with a vented space heater. Residences with smokers have significantly higher living room $NO_2$ levels than those without smokers.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to set up a model of affective evaluation to structurally and systematically analyse subjective affective expressions of human beings with regard to the residential environment and to analyse the correlation between affective responses of residents and physical elements by positively applying the model to the evaluation of outdoor space of apartment complexes as an area of study on evaluation of residential environment. The area for evaluation was limited to three apartment complexes situated in Daegu, and the subjects for evaluation were also limited to a group of residents(housewives) living at the three apartment complexes. The research method is summarized as follows. 214 affective words(adjective phrases) expressing outdoor space of apartments were selected from literature on random sampling basis, and reduced to 25 ones through factor analysis. Then, these 25 words were systematized by an affective evaluating scale with 7 categories of meaning. The evaluation was conducted with 324 homemakers living at the apartment complexes selected for evaluation from September 29, 2000 to October 5, 2000. SPSSWIN, a statistical program was used for analysis.

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 2004년도 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.73-77
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• 2004

Outdoor space used for leisure life as inhabitantses' recreation and rest area, and night activity is very important space to many apartment complex. Lately, outdoor space is recognized as a very important space in apartment complex. Especially, that outdoor space is frequently used at night despite planning of lighting of current outdoor space is unprepared for the selection of suitable luminaires, arrangement of luminaire and lighting plan. From this point of view, this paper investigated the essence of light in outdoor space and analyzed different outdoor luminous environment. This paper finally suggested recommended level of illuminance and planning of lighting.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2009년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.565-572
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• 2009

Deterioration of the outdoor thermal environment in urban areas such as heat island has become worse due to urbanization and overpopulation, etc. In this study, a new method which is coupled simulation of convection and radiation to evaluate outdoor thermal environment in urban area will be proposed. Because the solar radiation affects on outdoor thermal environment massively, therefore the radiation calculation is very important in outdoor thermal environment prediction. The coupled simulation proposed in this study can assess the outdoor thermal environment with accurate.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.59-72
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• 2014

This study provides the structural design for commercialization of outdoor breathable waterproof jackets for men merged with solar cells to enable emergency communications, utilizing wearable devices to develop smart clothing and extend convenience in everyday life. The most popular waterproof jacket with two-layer and three-layer moisture-permeable waterproof fabric was selected, based on previous studies of functional outdoor jackets and style with affinity to fashion. Flexible solar films suitable for clothing were embedded in the lining of the sleeve area and hood visor, and printed film was developed to balance weight and design. High performance smart solar jackets have application to expanding the use of smart phones for everyday and emergency communication, and leisure and outdoor sports activities, as well as day-to-day functions as a waterproof breathable outdoor jacket for men. It is also eco-friendly. Satisfying both the aesthetic and practical, a solar cell jacket with smart features, is an innovative tool for use in a variety of outdoor activities, and a fashion-forward commercialized product.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.493-509
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• 2013

This study investigated the sitting areas preferred to use by assisted living residents in the U.S., compared the perceptions of staff and residents, and analyzed the effects of residents' and spatial characteristics on the preference for use of main sitting areas such as lounge, dining area, activity room and outdoor area. A total of 102 participants(66 residents and 36 staff) from eight facilities in the seven counties of southern Texas were asked about two sitting areas residents like to spend time at. The results of the study were as follows: The most frequently mentioned sitting areas were the activity and outdoor area as per the residents, but the dining area and lounge as per the staff. It might be due to that the view of staff might have been limited to sitting areas usually used by the severely frail residents. Residents using higher level of mobility assistance such as wheelchairs and walkers, or living in the facility having more dispersed sitting areas were less likely to prefer to use the lounge. The residents who were younger or having good centralized outdoor area were more likely to prefer to use the outdoor area. The preference for use of dining area was affected by its proximity from the residents' individual rooms. Diverse survey methods need to be developed for a more in-depth collection and analysis of data from functionally frail older residents and staff caring for them.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of wind environment for different building arrangement. In this study, we analyze outdoor wind environment on different building arrangement that take same floor area ratio using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) method. We do not consider the effect of temperature. Building arrangements of low density, different hight and a lot of green area will change the effect of wind environment. The eight different arrangements of buildings are studied in this paper. In these calculations, we know the different arrangement of buildings change outdoor wind environments. Especially, reducing the number of building and crossing the different height of buildings have a good kind of wind environment at the same floor ratio. We know that these arrangement of buildings to reduce the heat island phenomena on city plan.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2020

Background: Compared with reported data of radon concentration, data of radon progeny concentration is limited in general, especially in outdoor environment. Materials and Methods: To know both the level and the variation of radon progeny concentration in outdoor environment in Beijing area, one-year continuous measurement with a cycle of 60 minutes was carried out by a step-advanced filter (SAF) monitor for radon progeny measurement. The observation site was located in a park in Eastern Beijing area, and the observation period was from October 17, 2018 to September 29, 2019. Results and Discussion: The equivalent equilibrium concentration (EEC) of radon progeny varies from 0.7 to 19.1 Bq·m^-3, with an annual average of 4.9 ± 2.7 Bq·m^-3. A clear diurnal variation of EEC, higher in the early morning and lower in the late afternoon, is observed due to the high sensitivity of the SAF monitor. Conclusion: Vertical convection of atmospheric boundary layer is thought to be the main reason of this phenomenon. For annual variation, the lowest monthly average EEC appeared in April, while the highest appeared in November, which might attribute to the atmospheric stability in different seasons.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.301-309
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• 2018

If galvanized steel is exposed to an outdoor environment, atmospheric corrosion will occur with time and red rust will form when the sacrificial protection capacity of zinc reaches its limit. With corrosion, the surface appearance of steel changes, and the properties of the exterior materials degrade. In this study, two kinds of galvanized steel, (GA and GI specimens) were subjected to an outdoor exposure test for 36 months in six regions of Korea. Chrominance (color, chroma, and brightness) and glossiness surface analyses were performed. The color change was not significant, regardless of the exposed area or the specimens tested. With increasing exposure times, the GA specimen became blackened by the formation of zinc oxide, and red coloration was increased by the formation of red rust. As the exposure time of GI specimen increased, the surface proceeded to blacken, but no red rust was formed and the color did not change significantly. Regardless of the outdoor exposure area or the specimen, longer exposure times led to lower glossiness, and this behavior appears to be influenced by the formation of zinc oxide.