• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.447-459
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• 1995

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are of concern for their potential chronic toxicity, their suspected role in the formation of smog, and their suspected role in destruction of stratospheric ozone. Present study evaluated the exposures to selected VOCs in three microenvironments: 2 chlorinated and 5 aromatic VOCs in the indoor and outdoor air, and 5 aromatic VOCs in the breathing zone air of gas-service station attendants. With permissible Quality Assurance and Quality Control performances VOC concentrations were measured 1) to be higher in indoor air than in outdoor air, 2) to be higher in two Taegu residential areas than in a residential area of Hayang, and 3) to be higher in the nighttime than in the daytime. Among five aromatics, Benzene and Toluene were two most highly measured VOCs in breathing zone air of service station attendants. Based on the sum of VOC concentrations, the VOC exposure during refueling was estimated to be about 10% of indoor and outdoor exposures. For Benzene only, the exposure during refueling was estimated to cause about 52% of indoor and outdoor exposure. The time used to calculate the exposures was 2 minutes for refueling and 24 hours for indoor and outdoor exposures.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

This study made an analysis on the relation and influence between outdoor wear benefit, clothing selection criteria and purchasing satisfaction. Survey was conducted targeting 20s-30s males and females who have experience of purchasing outdoor wear and 335 sheets of questionnaire were used for final analysis. And statistics package SPSS16.0 was used for analysis of collected materials. A group seeking the trendy brand turned out to give considerable thought to the brand and trend and purchase less than 100,000won at the discount outlet. A group pursuing functional practicality puts an emphasis on the activity and use, and purchases at the internet shopping mall or department store. Regarding material, function, design, style and color as important, a group pursuing individuality and appearance turned out to purchase clothing at various places such as discount outlet, specialty store and internet. A group that is indifferent to clothing appeared not to care about specific elements when selecting outdoor wear. The result of study showed that consumers of outdoor wear show purchasing satisfaction in respect of design, style, color or trend.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.88-97
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• 2013

'Smart Clothes', which incorporate topnotch digital technology into fashion, are a leading fashion runner in this digital era. The purpose of the study is to first help develop a practical design for outdoor backpacks which are equipped with eco-friendly solar cells that facilitate recharging diverse smart devices during outdoor activities; and, secondly, to offer some practical data from the actual appropriation tests that will be used for manufacturing such products. This trial study finds out how to conjoin some practical IT devices with fashion items and mainly focusses on designing outdoor backpacks which are loaded with solar cells for recharging electric devices, and, later, experiments on designed backpacks with some smart phones to see how it works. According to the desired purposes of backpacks, all the features can be adjusted and modified such as the kinds of solar cell panels, materials, sizes, positions of attachment, weights, etc. Smart Clothes are highly functional and fashionable items that satisfy both practical and emotional purposes, and are being actively developed to serve consumers. This study proves that Smart Clothes or Smart Wear will have practical uses for outdoor activities and will possibly lead our smart lifestyles.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2017

This study identified the purchase decision-making process of outdoor wear consumers and examined the hypothesis that consumer satisfaction mediates the relationship between purchase decision-making process and repurchase intention. Data were acquired from a survey and analyzed with descriptive, factor analysis, reliability analysis and multiple regression analysis. Respondents were 454 adults who have purchased outdoor wear. The results are as follows. First, the purchase decision-making processes of outdoor wear consumers consisted of a series of steps: need recognition & passive information search, active information search, evaluation of alternatives with practical attributes, evaluation of alternatives with unpractical attributes, purchase decision, and post-purchase evaluation. Second, four purchase decision-making processes (except for need recognition & passive information search and active information search) had significantly positive effects on consumer satisfaction. Third, the need recognition & passive information search, the evaluation of alternatives with unpractical attributes and post-purchase evaluation had significantly positive effects on repurchase intention. Lastly, the partial mediation of consumer satisfaction in the relationship between two purchase decision-making processes (evaluation of alternatives with unpractical attributes and post-purchase evaluation) and repurchase intention were indicated. This academic study will help to understand the purchase decision-making processes of outdoor wear and allow companies to obtain information (from the industrial aspect) about which process to invest in and how to manage the process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.577-582
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• 2012

Recently, noise reduction of air-conditioner is one of the important design factors for high quality product. Especially, customer complaints arise due to noise problem of the outdoor unit. After the operation of air-conditioner start, noise level of outdoor unit is increased gradually and sometimes abnormal noise occurs until it reaches steady state condition. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between noise of outdoor unit and thermodynamic properties of cycle at transient condition of room air-conditioner. In order to find out the noise characteristics of outdoor unit, noise and vibration measurements are carried out. Also, the thermodynamic properties of compressor and heat exchanger are measured by using temperature and pressure sensors and experimental results are discussed. Finally, we find out the relation between noise and cycle properties at starting of room air-conditioner and the improvement method to reduce noise level is proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.243-253
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• 2011

The outdoor sportswear market in Korea has received increased attention due to the interest in health and leisure activities promoted through the well-being trend. This study examines the merchandising process for outdoor sportswear brands and focuses on textile planning in order to identity the opportunities for Korean textile companies. Data were collected through an interview method of nine outdoor leading brands (six national brands and three license brands). The interviewees were merchandisers with two to nine years of career experience in the company. The majority of interviewed brands implemented a merchandising plan twice a year. Basic goods took 80% and reorder or spot goods took 10-20% of the total quantity, which possessed a substantial possibility to substitute imported textiles for Korean ones. After the 2008 global economic crisis, outdoor brands have increased the quantity of Korean textiles up to 70% of the total amount of sales because of low price per quality, lead-time accuracy, convenience for handling, and communication. The most important factors when selecting materials were functionality, quality, design, price, and lead-time for orders. The managerial implications for Korean textile companies were also discussed.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.647-656
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• 2007

Simulation model of outdoor block movement of shipyard is implemented in this paper. The load of the outdoor workshops in a shipyard influences a mid-term planning and scheduling of the shipyard. Since the load analysis is expected in advance before confirming the planning and scheduling, a discrete event simulation (DES) may be a good solution. The accuracy of DES is up to the accurate modeling of Products, Processes, and Resources (PPR) included in a system. PPR in the outdoor system are clearly defined and the simulation model for the outdoor logistics is implemented by modeling the selective PPR with the help of a DES tool which is programmable by users. The simulation model is verified by comparing the results with the real shipyard data. The outputs through the simulation are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.71-82
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• 2004

During the IMF period the unsold of apartment housing was significantly increased due to financial problems. Apartment constructors had to severely struggle with fund problems and even some of them were bankrupted. Due to this fact, they had to find new marketing strategies to sell the apartment complexes even with low margins. One of the solutions was that housing companies could present a distinctive and outstanding outdoor space in apartment complexes. The purpose of this study was to investigate such differentiated marketing strategies by reviewing the apartment housing advertisements during the IMF period. The major findings through this study were as follows: 1. During the IMF period housing companies presented a distinctive and outstanding outdoor space in apartment complexes. In 1999, which was the peak of the IMF impact, there were frequent advertisements for apartment housing in daily newspapers. 2. Daily newspapers had been mostly used for advertising the apartments. A thorough review of them is very valuable in investigating differentiated marketing strategies of the outdoor space in apartment complexes. 3. The main theme of differentiation of outdoor space can be summarized as : Emphasis of the importance of healthy life, application of environment-friendly facilities, and use of traditional korean style elements in apartment complexes.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.65-72
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• 2009

Lighting for outdoor advertising is very common feature of building facades as they provide the information and commercial identification. As the interest of improving street beautification more widely, application of various lighting technologies has been develop for advertisement such as electric sign board and signage. Furthermore, the installation of higher sign luminance than needed has many negative consequences, including higher energy consumption and light pollution. There are now no standard for outdoor advertisements in terms of luminance, and installation of indiscreet outdoor advertisement without luminance consideration is becoming more commonplace. This study was to evaluate the luminous characteristics of outdoor advertising as a function of sign and building facade luminance, luminance ratio. Data were collected on 8 electric sign boards, 20 internally illuminated, externally illuminated, neon, and channel letter signs and 4 commercial areas. Photometric measurements were taken by CS-100(Minolta) and ProMetric-1400(Radiant Imaging) for various sign modes and sign design. Also luminance of building facades were analyzed according with CIE standard of maximum obtrusive light permitted for exterior lighting installations. The findings are as follows; (1) There were excessive luminance of electric sign boards that could affect adjacent building facade and night sky luminance. (2) Sings that are externally illuminated providing an inappropriate amount of light on to the outer surface of the sign caused higher building facade luminance and potential of unnecessary glare.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.183-187
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• 2008

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay, and outdoor levels. Various indoor and out-door combustion sources produce nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$), which is a by-product of high temperature fossil fuel combustion. Especially, the presence of gas ranges and smoking have been identified as major factors contributing to indoor $NO_2$ exposures. In this study, we compared an industrial complex area with a country area by assessing the personal exposure to $NO_2$with measurements of indoor and outdoor $NO_2$ levels in residences and by house characteristics and questionnaire. Personal exposure concentrations were significantly correlated with indoor $NO_2$ concentrations of residences in both the industrial complex area and the country area with correlation coefficients of 0.561 and 0.664, respectively, compared to outdoors. Multiple regression analysis, indicated that indoor $NO_2$ levels in residences were only affected by outdoor levels (p = 0.000) in spite of higher indoor sources such as smoking. Therefore, it is suggested that outdoor air quality as well as indoor air quality should be considered in the reduction of the personal exposure to air pollutants.