• 제목/요약/키워드: original order

검색결과 2,464건 처리시간 0.026초

혼합결제방식에서 수입화물선취보증서 발행은행의 보증책임 범위 (The Range of Guarantee Responsibility by an Issuing Bank of Letter of Guarantee under Mixed Settlement Method)

  • 이정선;김철호
    • 무역학회지
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    • 제41권2호
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    • pp.231-250
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구는 선하증권이 발행된 국제무역거래에서 화물이 서류보다 일찍 도착하여 원본 선하증권 없이 화물을 인도 받기 위해 국제적으로 통용되고 있는 상관행인 수입화물선취보증서를 기존 연구와 다른 관점에서 고찰하고자 한다. 혼합결제방식 하에서 발행된 수입화물선취보증서의 보증책임 범위를 판례를 통해 분석하고 국제적인 상관행으로 자리잡고 있는 수입화물선취보증서의 원활한 활용을 위한 다음 두 개의 대안을 제언한다. 첫째, 혼합결제방식을 이용한 경우, 수출업자는 상업송장을 발행함에 있어 결제방식의 결제대금을 각각 분리해서 발급해야 수입화물선취보증서의 보증책임 한도에 대한 명확한 의사표시가 이루어질 수 있을 것이다. 둘째, 수입화물선취보증서의 발행은행은 보증서 발행의 보증책임 범위를 명확히 하기 위해 기존 양식에 책임한도를 제한한다는 취지의 문구를 추가한 새로운 수입화물선취보증서 양식의 구축이 필요하다.

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최근 인도양 해적활동과 대해적작전 변화에 따른 한국 청해부대 역할 연구 (A study on role of ROK Escort Task Gruop according to recently Pirate Conducting Trend and Anti-Piracy Operation in Indian Ocean)

  • 최형민
    • Strategy21
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    • 통권32호
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    • pp.192-221
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    • 2013
  • In order to deal with the current economic crisis, the U.S. government, as a part of its austerity fiscal policy, implemented a budget sequester. The sequester will hit the U.S. defense budget the hardest, and as a result will most likely put the security of the international community in jeopardy. The U.S. will have to cut 46 billion dollars from its original 525 billon defense spending in 2013. And by the year 2022, will have to cut 486.9 billion dollars. Such an astronomical decrease in the U.S. defense spending will inevitably burden the friendly nations. According to recent studies, pirate related incidents in Somalia, where piracy is most active, has declined from its 226 incidents to 76 incidents per year in 2012, a 66% drop from previous years'. However, piracy threats as well as those related to firearms still remain and thus participants of anti-piracy operations, namely the U.S., U.K., France, Canada, NCC, EUNAVFOR, and NATO, are facing a problem of declining forces. Considering the current situation as well as rising expectations from the international community, Republic of Korea, a supporter of NCC's maritime security operation, not to mention its foremost duty of securing its sea, is at a stage to re-examine its operational picture. Such action will be a good opportunity for Republic of Korea to build the trust and live up to the international community's expectation. To quote from the network theory, although in relation to other friendly nations participating in the anti-piracy operation, Republic of Korea currently remains at a single cell level, this opportunity will certainly develop Korea to a 'node' nation in which power and information would flow into. Through this expansion of operational capability, Republic of Korea will be able to exert more influence as a more developed nation. Currently however, not only is the single 4,500 ton class destroyer deployed in Somalia a limited unit to further expand the scale and amount of force projection in the area, but also the total of six 4,500 ton class destroyers ROK feet possess is at a high fatigue degree due to standard patrolling operations, midshipman cruise and the RIMPAC exercise. ROK fleet therefore must consider expanding the number of ships deployed along with either deploying combat support ships or constructing logistics support site in the African region. Thus, by expanding its operational capabilities and furthermore by abiding to the rightful responsibilities of a middle power nation, Republic of Korea will surely earn its respect among the members of the international community.

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중앙아세아벽화(中央亞細亞壁畵) 보존처리(保存處理)(II) - 壁畵(벽화)의 채색(彩色) 안료(顔料) 및 벽체(壁體) 조성(造成)에 사용(使用)된 초재류(草材類) 조사(調査) - (The Conservation Treatment of the Central Asian Mural Painting(II) -An Investigation on the Pigments for the Mural Painting and of the Plants Used for Making the Original Wall -)

  • 이용희;유혜선;김수철;강형태;조연태;靑木繁夫;大林賢太郞
    • 박물관보존과학
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    • 제4권
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2003
  • 용산 새 박물관에 전시될 중앙아시아 벽화의 보존처리를 위해 이들 벽화의 채색 안료 성분 분석과 벽체에 포함된 지푸라기의 식물종 식별을 위한 조사를 실시하였다. 또한 1916년 우리 박물관에 반입되기 이전에 일본에서 시행된 보존처리 재료 및 방법을 검토하기 위하여 나무 보호틀의 목재수종 및 종이의 재질을 분석하였다. 조사결과 본4075, 4078의 검은색 안료는 carbon(C), 바탕의 흰색은 gypsum[Ca(SO)4(H2O)2], 적색 계통은 lead oxide(Pb3O4, PbO)와 hematite(Fe2O3), 녹색은 Cu, As, O 화합물 등을 채색 안료로 사용하였다. 또한 벽체를 조성할 때 흙벽이 갈라지는 것을 방지하기 위해 섞어 넣은 지푸라기는 밀짚 또는 귀리짚 종류인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 현재 벽화를 둘러싸고 있는 나무 보호틀은 버드나무속, 사시나무속, 삼나무, 그리고 소나무 중 적송류로 만들어진 것으로 밝혀졌으며 벽화(본4054, 4097)의 보호틀 내부에서 발견된 종이는 뽕나무 껍질로 만든 것으로 조사되었다.

객체 기반 영상 분류를 위한 히스토그램 역투영을 이용한 클래스 샘플 추출 기법에 관한 연구 (A Study on Class Sample Extraction Technique Using Histogram Back-Projection for Object-Based Image Classification)

  • 예철수
    • 대한원격탐사학회지
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    • 제39권2호
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    • pp.157-168
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    • 2023
  • 고해상도 원격탐사 영상을 이용하여 지표면을 모니터링 하기 위해서 영상 분할 및 감독 기반의 분류 기법이 널리 사용된다. 다양한 객체를 분류하기 위해서는 각 객체에 해당하는 클래스를 정의하고 각 클래스에 속하는 샘플들을 선택하는 과정이 필요하다. 클래스 샘플을 추출하는 기존의 방법은 각 클래스 별로 유사한 밝기값 특성을 가지는 충분한 개수의 샘플을 선택해야 한다. 이 과정은 사용자의 육안 식별에 의존하는 과정으로 많은 시간이 소요되며 사용자에 따라 추출되는 클래스의 대표 샘플들이 달라질 가능성이 높고 결과적으로 분류 성능이 클래스 샘플 추출 결과에 크게 영향을 받게 된다. 본 연구에서는 클래스 샘플 추출 시 히스토그램 역투영 기법을 적용하여 샘플 추출 시 사용자의 개입을 최소화하고 클래스에 속하는 샘플들의 밝기값 특성이 일관성을 가지는 영상 분류 기법을 제안한다. 제안한 히스토그램 역투영을 이용한 분류 기법은 차세대중형위성 1호(Compact Advanced Satellite 500-1) 영상의 색상 서브채널을 이용한 분류 실험과 원영상을 이용한 분류 실험에서 히스토그램 역투영을 사용하지 않은 기법에 비해 모두 향상된 분류 정확도를 보였다.

노인의 주택개조 의지 측정도구 개발 (The Development of the Scale for the Elderly's Intention on Home Renovation)

  • 장미선;이연숙
    • 한국노년학
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.215-228
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구는 노인들의 주택개조 의지를 측정할 수 있는 도구를 개발하고 그 타당성을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구는 계획적 행위이론 모형을 토대로 한 방법론적 연구로, 사전조사를 실시하여 26개의 예비항목을 마련하였다. 개발된 항목의 내용타당도 검정을 위한 1차 조사와 탐색적 요인분석을 통한 구성타당도 검정 및 내적신뢰도 검정을 위한 2차 조사를 순차적으로 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전문가를 대상으로 내용타당도 검정을 통해 사전조사에서 개발된 26개 항목 중 일부가 제외되거나 병합되어 총 22개의 항목으로 재조정되었다. 둘째, 쇠퇴지역에 거주하는 만 65세 이상 여성 노인을 대상으로 도구의 구성타당도 검정하여 공통성이나 고유값이 부적합한 것으로 판단된 항목들을 제외하고 총 14개의 항목이 5개의 요인으로 재구성되었다. 이는 총 72.5% 수준의 설명력을 가지고 있었으며, 내적신뢰도 또한 0.75로 신뢰할만한 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 본 연구는 공공차원에서 쇠퇴지역의 물리적 환경을 개선함에 있어 주택 소유자의 개조의지를 정량화하여 객관적으로 파악할 수 있게 함으로써 지역의 원활한 환경 재생을 도모하는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

대순사상의 태극에 관한 연구 - 주자의 태극과 비교를 중심으로 - (A Study on the Taegeuk in Daesoon Thoughts)

  • 최치봉
    • 대순사상논총
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    • 제23권
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    • pp.385-429
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    • 2014
  • This thesis strives to identify the peculiarities of Taegeuk (the yin-yang) and the relationships of Ri (reason/cause), Ki (Energy) and Do (duty). The Taegeuk is related with the Sangjekwan (highest ruling entity), Rikiron (noble theory) and the Boncheron (ontology) of the Daesoon Sasang (Daesoon Thoughts) which therefore is a priority research topic. Although said, due to the lack of original materials and the difficulty to understand the topic, the research is insignificant. Within chapter II of this thesis, the concept of the Taegeuk, the Rigi and Do from the perspective of Juja is observed. In chapter III, the relationship of Moogeuk and the Taegeuk which is mentioned in the foundation origin of the Daesoonjinrihoe. In addition, the Taegeuk and Eumyang's noble perspectives are observed through the comparison of Juja and Daesoon Sasang. In chapter IV, the aspects of Taegeuk's supervision is observed through the noumenality of the Taegeuk which is shown in the Daesoon Sasang along with the concept of mythology. Within the overall context, the Daesoon Sasang's ontology has similar structures with Juja's Taegeuk. This can be stated that Jojeongsan who had found the system of doctrine had not acknowledged Juja's theories but have rather interpreted Kangjeungsan's ontology in a Neo-Confucianism to better let the people understand. This can be observed as expediential teachings. The metaphysical Ri and the physical Ki's separation, and the relationship of matters and functions of the Taegeuk and Do can be stated to be similar within an overall outline in the aspect of the Rikiron. The Taegeuk becomes the primary figure whilst explaining Daesoon Sasang's Ri/Ki/Do and also becomes the Soiyeon (such reasons). Extreme Do is drawn from the Taegeuk and as Do resembles the trend of the Taegeuk, it is referred as the origin of all the things in the universe. However, Juja vigorously tried to witness God's notions in a principled, atheistic way. However, the main principle is regarded as divine in the aspect of the universe's functions and effects in the Daesoon Sasang. The personal Sangjekwan which embodies these profound and mysterious Taegeuk, is Daesoon Sasang's peculiarity which cannot be found in Neo-Confucianism. Therefore, in the Daesoon Sasang, both the order and character are being regarded in the ontology through personal divine.

불교철학과 대순사상의 사유체계에 대한 일고찰 - 우주관·인간관·이상사회관을 중심으로 - (Reflection on the Thinking System of Buddhist Philosophy and Daesoon Philosophy)

  • 이덕진
    • 대순사상논총
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    • 제20권
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    • pp.223-272
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    • 2009
  • Both Daesoon philosophy and Buddhist philosophy have strong aspirations for establishing a world comprised of human-beings. In other words, Daesoon philosophy and Buddhist philosophy put human-beings in the place of 'subject character(主語的 人格)' instead of 'predicate character(述語的 人格).' This is because a human is the master rather than a guest of the universe and the world. In this regard, it is safe to say that both Daesoon philosophy and Buddhist philosophy have a common goal of reaching 'an infinitely open life managed by a human-being, the master.' Daesoon philosophy and Buddhist philosophy also share the idea that everything in the universe is an organistic world that is closely connected, like a network. In this aspect, the two philosophies consider the whole world rather than the individual, and seek ways for people to live together actively while expanding the scope of community to the world. Even if 'the morality of living together (相生)' and 'the realization of mercy(同體大悲)' are completely different languages on the surface, it is not difficult to understand the homogeneity inherent in such expressions. Daesoon philosophy and Buddhist philosophy show endless reliability towards all humans and are declarative and reasonable, but both herald human beings as eligible to become the main characters of the future world and lead to the birth of independent human beings while inducing them to the highest position in the universe by liberating humans from the limitations they find. 'Heaven on Earth' as stated in Daesoon philosophy refers to an ideal society where humans and God harmonize, and God and humans complement each other. Also, the world will achieve political stability and equality, realizing an economically prosperous world. Furthermore, social justice will be realized and cultural and religious conflicts resolved. As humans acknowledge there is a way to live together in a universal nature, the environmental issue no longer becomes the top priority for human beings and a world where the morals of human beings reach the highest level will be established. From the original Buddhist perspective, King Jeonrhyun, the proxy of Buddha, realizes the ideal of Buddhism in the mundane world. The world controlled by King Jeonrhyun can be described as having liberty, equality, peace, justice, prosperity, morality, order, legality, democracy, welfare, etc. Therefore, the ideal Buddhist world is materially prosperous, physically healthy and socially just, as well as a world where moral maturity and mental freedom are achieved.

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Do good return policies work across cultures? Effect of lenient return policies on online shopper perceptions in Eastern culture

  • Yang, SuJin;Choi, Yun Jung
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.75-97
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    • 2013
  • While good return policies are suggested as one of the critical services for e-commerce, ambivalence between the burden of the cost and shoppers' satisfaction may prevent e-tailers from increasing their level of leniency. Based on the S-O-R model, this study has attempted to develop a grounded theory to explain how lenient return policies shape online shoppers' perceptions and responses, with a focus on cultural influences in the relationship. In order to check the cultural effects of the lenient return policy, thirty two female and eleven male undergraduate students in South Korean shoppers, who are accustomed to strict return policies, participated in the semi-structured interview. A series of open-ended questions were designed to explore consumers' reactions toward four different levels of the lenient return policy: from the strict type in South Korea to the lenient type in the U.S. Using qualitative research methods, this research has defined three types of dimensions of lenient return policy: return possible period, complexity of progress, and other restrictions. While previous researchers did not pay much attention, the last dimension, other restrictions, is shown to be the most significant in influencing online shoppers' perceptions, especially in South Korea. Also, the impacts on online shoppers' perceptions from the three types of sub-dimensions of return policy were somewhat different. Whereas a longer return possible period was considered more favorable, a medium level of complexity and restrictions were considered more desirable. In summary, this result showed that shoppers in Eastern cultures, i.e. South Korean online shoppers, seem favorable to a medium level of lenient return policies, while allowing for taking precautions against possible fraudulent behaviors and setting other restrictions. Therefore, most of retailers in South Korea recommended that e-tailers who adopt the most lenient return policies raise the bar to guard ethical shoppers from fraudulent users. Next, lenient return policies can enhance ease of use, usefulness, affect, and trust while relieving perceived risk, which is connected to intention to purchase, satisfaction, and loyalty. Interestingly, lenient return policies are more likely to change the behavioral responses of online shoppers, such as return and purchase, rather than change their attitudes or beliefs such as image, satisfaction, and loyalty. This tendency can be seen more clearly in the direct influences of return policy on responses. The reaction to lenient return policy is mostly the intention to return or to purchase. This suggests that return policy serves the e-tailers as a powerful tool in increasing online shoppers' purchase intention at the moment of purchase. Therefore, e-tailers who plan to expand their market to eastern countries, including South Korea, have to build a shield of restrictions around their lenient return policy, rather than immediately applying their original liberalized return policy. Also, e-tailers in South Korea need to review their strict and undifferentiated return policies to deal with the unsatisfied reactions of online shoppers toward their normal return policies. Although the present study was confined to the return policies currently being practiced by popular e-tailers, it would be worthwhile to develop effective return policies separately for each country, especially South Korea, keeping the culture of the relevant country in mind.

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대순사상의 역학적 조명 - 종지(宗旨)를 중심으로 - (Daesoon Thought Explained Through the Philosophy of the Book of Change)

  • 최영진
    • 대순사상논총
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    • 제20권
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    • pp.169-191
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    • 2009
  • The Four Tenets of Daesoon thought are the Creative conjunction of the virtues of Eum and Yang, the Harmonious union of divine beings and human beings, the Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficence of all life and the Realization of the Dao in the world. This article compares the concepts of the "Creative conjunction of the virtues of Eum and Yang", the "Harmonious union of divine beings and human beings" and the "Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficence of all life" with "EumYangDaeDaeRon", "ShinMyonKiDeok", the Theory of Mutual Giving Life / Mutual Destruction (SangSaeng/SangGeukRon) of the Book of Changes and analyzes their common and different points. The conclusion is that Daesoon thought and the philosophy of the Book of Changes share common fundamental standpoints. However, the Daesoon thought defines the world of SeonCheon (the state before the Heaven and Earth have been created) as Mutual Giving Life (SangSaeng), and the world of HuCheon (the state after the Heaven and Earth have been created) as Mutual Destruction (SangGeuk). According to Daesoon thought the Mutual Destruction (SangGeuk) is seen as negative, while according to the philosophy of the Book of Changes the Theory of Mutual Giving Live/Mutual Destruction (SangSaeng/SangGeukRon) is viewed as a positive relationship of EumYangDaeDae. This is a point of difference between the Daesoon thought and the philosophy of the Book of Changes. According to EumYangDaeDae relationship theory the contradictory "other" is viewed not as an enemy, but as a necessary element that assures one's existence. When Buddhism and Christianity first came to existence, they did not belong to a main stream. Later, through continuous theorization and systematization they became generally accepted religions. The case of Confucianism was not much different. During Song dynasty in China Buddhism has contributed to the systematization and establishment of Neo-Confucianism; in the middle of 20th century the Confucian scholars of Hong Kong and Taiwan interpreted and defined Confucianism a new in the light of Western philosophy. Thus the "Modern Neo-Confucianism" came to existence. That's why the history of Confucianism is also called "the history of advancing and developing a concept". From this point of view the critical acceptance of some elements of Confucian, Buddhist, Taoist etc. traditions, as well as modern philosophy, by Daesoon, in order to achieve the systematization of Daesoon thought, is a very important process. As a part of this process, this essay explains the Daesoon thought from the point of view of the Book of Changes, which may be said to present the original East-Asian view of the world. Daesoon's emphasis of human dignity, the equality of sexes, the critics the hierarchical society etc. are rather "modern" and should be examined from the point of view of social science. Besides, leaving the boundaries of "modern philosophy", the concepts of "Harmonious union of divine beings and human beings", viewing the universe as one organism etc. should be approached from the point of view of Post-Modernism.

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CT Scan Mode와 관전압 변경에 따른 소아 두부 영상의 선량 및 영상평가 (Dose and Image Evaluation of Pediatric Head Image according to CT Scan Mode and kVp Changes)

  • 김병제;김동현
    • 한국방사선학회논문지
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    • 제17권6호
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    • pp.801-808
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    • 2023
  • 소아 두부 CT 검사 시 방사선 피폭 최소화와 진단적 가치가 높은 영상을 확보하기 위하여 Volume Axial Mode, High Pitch Mode, Helical Mode 간 피폭 선량과 영상의 비교 분석을 통하여 Volume Axial Mode의 유용성을 평가하였다. 1세 미만의 소아 두부 CT Helical Mode, High Pitch Mode, Volume Axial Mode에서 70, 80, 100 kVp의 관전압에 따라 영상평가와 선량평가를 시행하였다. 영상평가는 각 영상에 ROI를 설정해 SNR과 CNR을 산출하여 영상평가를 진행하였으며 일원배치 분산분석(ONE-WAY ANOVA)을 사용하여 통계적 유의성을 평가하였고, 선량평가는 검사 후 장비에서 직접 제공하는 Dose Report에 표시되는 DLP값을 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. Volume Axial Mode를 사용하여 검사하였을 때, DLP 값은 전체적으로 낮게 나왔고, SNR과 CNR은 각각 ROI와 kVp별 차이를 가졌다. Volume Axial Mode가 다른 Scan Mode와 비교하여 영상의 질을 평가하였을 때, 그 차이 값이 균일하지 않아 특정 Mode가 우수하다고 볼 수 없었으나 선량 측면에서는 가장 피폭선량을 줄일 수 있었다. 또한 Volume Axial Mode의 짧은 스캔 시간과 Table의 이동 없이 제자리에서 검사 할 수 있는 점은 방사선 감수성이 높은 1세 미만 소아 CT검사에서 유용하게 적용된다.