• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.80-102
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper aims to articulate relationship about factors influencing FTA utilization by dividing them into company's external and internal factors and performing investigation on the relationship between FTA utilization and export performance. Design/methodology - This study verified factors influencing FTA utilization by dividing them into company's external and internal factors and performing investigation on the relationship between FTA utilization and export performance. Empirical analysis was performed by setting internal and external factors required for FTA utilization as variables. To achieve this, research model was established based on previous study, hypothesis was deduced, and statistical program were used to test the hypothesis. This study performed empirical analysis using statistical program of SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 for the research model. Findings - Empirical analysis was performed regarding the effect of the FTA utilization on export performance and previous study defined export performance as the company's increased economy benefits through export and increase in new transactions. Analysis was also performed for factors affecting the FTA utilization by the company and through management and response of external factors and internal factors it was confirmed that the FTA utilization by the company led to increase in the company's export performance as a result. This study proposes a method to achieve export performance based on this. Originality/value - Companies seeking to utilize the FTA sign the Contract for the International Sale of goods and there are many conditions to meet in order to receive trade preferences during the transaction process. Existing trade order and order in the FTA have to be followed. Country of origin can be seen as key in the FTA. The Rule of Origin becomes the most important evaluation standard in applying preferential tariff in the FTA. Such regulations can be seen as external factors which cannot be controlled by the company. Internal factors are capabilities owned before that can be controlled by the company. The study sought to test the variables regarding factors centered on such capability. This study verified factors influencing FTA utilization by dividing them into company's external and internal factors and performing investigation on the relationship between FTA utilization and export performance.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.166-173
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• 2011

Asia has shown a tendency that a certain country's culture leads the fashion in turn every 10 years. The trend of Hong Kong movies in 1980's was called 'Hong Kong Wave', the trend of Japanese animation and games in 1990's was called 'Japanese Wave', and then the 'Korean Wave' began in the late 1990's. This term '~Wave(流)' is a Japanese-style term meaning '~way', '~style', '~group', and so on. In the same manner, recent popularity of Taiwanese TV dramas and a particular star that is in fashion in Japan are called 'Taiwanese Wave', and Chinese movies, broadcast, tourism, and etc. are called 'Chinese Wave'. Thus, the term 'Korean Wave' is a part of expression '~wave' used in Japan and it started to be used in the mean time, and was officially used in <韓流-Song from Korea>, a promotion record of Korean pop music, produced by Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Korea. In this paper I propose to correct the error of the term 'Korean Wave', and furthermore, to define a term expressing Korean culture and study for its usage.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.99-115
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• 2008

International exchange gets active in nations with the increase of Internet use and heading toward digital age. Thus the communication conveying image of nations effectively plays an important role in an international society. Sports events are regarded as important international exchange events and good opportunities for public relations of one's own country and taken as tools of planting good images in other nations. This study surveyed the concept and history of uniform through the documents and previous studies in order to find the aesthetic characteristics of sportswear uniform applying the image of national ensign and investigates the origin and start time in Korea of selected 6 sports items. As a result of finding the expression way of ensign image and drawing the aesthetic characteristics by analyzing the use and variation of ensign colors, the use of colors other than ensign and reflection of ensign form in collected 60 sports uniforms, this study could draw the symbolical beauty, beauty of variation and beauty of brevity. First, symbolical beauty is the aesthetic characteristics expressing uniforms by using the pattern ensign symbolizes and ensign colors themselves or enlarging a part of ensign. Second, beauty of variation is the aesthetic characteristics creating geometrical new patterns in uniform through the distortion and exaggeration of ensign shape, or transforming the colors themselves of ensign. Third, beauty of brevity is the aesthetic characteristics using other colors only as decorative factor while applying the main colors of ensign to the most part of uniform, or unifying the uniforms with only one color of ensign. As a result of survey, the proportion of the symbolical beauty was highest in summer season and beauty of brevity and beauty of variation followed and the proportion of beauty of variation was highest and the symbolical beauty and beauty of brevity followed after that in winter season. This study found the way of expressing image of one's own country in sports uniform through this article, expecting the exact recognition on sports uniform and the diversity of sports uniform design in which the images of the nation are expressed more variously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.10
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• pp.42-54
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• 2011

The study was focused on surveying the cultural identity and the origin of T-shirts, and examining their functions. Six cities were selected to categorize the design motifs of cultural identity appearing in the design of contemporary T-shirts. These cities include a city in France, United Kingdom, Italy, United States and Japan where collections are currently presented at, and also a city in China that has shown a high economic growth as one of the most popular sightseeing cities. Cultural identity was presented in the T-shirts that were examined in this study through diversified design motifs. Motifs used in T-shirt designs to reflect cultural identity included national flags, notable places, letters, names of geographic places, and individuals. A national flag is a motif that signifies national identity and it was used in the front of T-shirts as it is or was just partially used. Also, many world-renowned structures or architectural buildings were applied to T-shirt design. Noted places such as the White House, the Statue of Liberty in the U.S., Tienanmen Square in China and the Eiffel Tower in France were used. The unique characters of language, such as Hangeul in Korea were used as design elements to reflect the structural characteristics of letters. Names of geographic places were used as design elements through the disclosure of the name of a symbolic city or a tourist site in each country. In terms of figures, not only the historical figures or celebrities from each country were used, but the image of bodies and faces that represent each culture were used as well. In addition, this study was used to develop T-shirt designs that reveal the cultural identity of Korea.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2024

This paper evaluates the influence of rainfall on propagated signal at different time exceedance percentages of an average year, over the climate zones of the country. Specifically, it demonstrates critical and non critical signal fade or signal outage time exceedance (0.001% to 1%) for Ku, K, and Ka-band systems in an average year. The study was carried out using meteorological data made available by the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) over a period of 10 years (2009-2018). The four climate zones in the country were represented by five (5) locations; Maidugiri (warm desert climate), Sokoto (tropical dry climate), Port Harcourt (tropical monsoon climate), Abuja and Enugu (tropical savanna climate). The parameters were simulated into the International Telecommunications Union Recommended (ITU-R) models for rain attenuation over the tropics and results presented using MatLab and Origin Lab. Results of Ku band propagations showed that only locations in the tropical savanna and tropical monsoon climates experienced total signal outage for time percentage exceedance equal to or below 0.01% for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. At K band propagations, the five locations showed to have experienced signal outage at time exceedance equal to and below 0.01%, almost same was recorded for the Ka-band propagation. It was also observed that horizontal and vertical polarization of signal had slightly different rain attenuation values for the studied bands at the five locations, with horizontal polarization having higher values than vertical polarization.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.39-62
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• 2020

Purpose - Korean exports account for a vast proportion of Korean GDP, and large volumes of Korean products are sold in the United States. Identifying and characterizing actual and potential product hazards related to Korean products is critical to safeguard Korean export trade, as severe quality issues can impair Korea's reputation and reduce global consumer confidence in Korean products. In this study, we develop country-of-origin-based product risk analysis methods for social media with a specific focus on Korean-labeled products, for the purpose of safeguarding Korean export trade. Design/methodology - We employed two social media datasets containing consumer-generated product reviews. Sentiment analysis is a popular text mining technique used to quantify the type and amount of emotion that is expressed in the text. It is a useful tool for gathering customer opinions regarding products. Findings - We document and discuss the specific potential risks found in Korean-labeled products and explain their implications for safeguarding Korean export trade. Finally, we analyze the false positive matches that arise from the established dictionaries that were used for risk discovery and utilize these classification errors to suggest opportunities for the future refinement of the associated automated text analytic methods. Originality/value - Various studies have used online feedback from social media to analyze product defects. However, none of them links their findings to trade promotion and the protection of a specific country's exports. Therefore, it is important to fill this research gap, which could help to safeguard export trade in Korea.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.457-464
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• 2005

The optimal concentration of ethanol to separate a high quantity of propolis was $60\%$ but that for the best flavonoids extraction was $80\%$ We compared the yields of propolis from different countries. In this study we used $60\%$ ethanol concentration as a standard. The yield of propolis was proportional to the contents of flavonoids. Namely, Polish propolis which showed the highest yield with $56\%$ by the extraction with $60\%$ ethanol revealed also the highest flavonoids content with $3.49\%$ among all the samples tested The major constituents of propolis differed from country to country. It has been suggested that the different geographical origin influenced the efficacy and the constituents of propolis. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extracted propolis from different countries was tested against 6 microbial strains of type cultures including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae) and Gram- negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and E coli) in vitro. Propolis extract showed anti-microbial activity against all the tested bacterial strains. In addition, propolis was sensitive to E coli which was resistant to broad spectrum antibiotics like ampicillin. These results showed that propolis may substituted for commercial antibiotics. The efficiency of anti-microbial activity of the propolis was slightly higher in $80\%$ than $97\%$ ethanol extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.82-98
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• 2016

Korea and Japan have a cultural homogeneity because they were affected by China. However, each country has developed its own original culture due to their own national characteristic and endemism, In traditional clothing, though Korea and Japan share the same origin, they have developed their own form, Hanbok and Kimono, which have completely different looks. The differences in the traditional clothing is the result of the differences in each country's aesthetic sense, which is reflects in the artwork of those days. Ink-and-wash painting was the typical painting form in East Asia, so Korean and Japanese ink-and-wash painting from that period can be used to observe the differences in the aesthetic sense. This study aims to search for commonly shared aesthetic sense in the design process of Hanbok and Kimono by analyzing the styles of a representative Korean painting, "Sehando(Wintry Days)" and a representative Japanese painting, "Pine Trees Screen". H. Wolfflin's methodology influenced not only painting, but also architecture and sculpture. Therefore, this theory can be applied to clothing, which can be considered a type of sculpture. Modernization of traditional clothing has to start by analyzing the aesthetic sense of artisans that have affected the design of traditional clothing. To spread Hanbok globally and differentiate it from Japanese clothing, we have to acknowledge the differences between Korean and Japanese aesthetic sense, and based on this, we have to develop the design of Hanbok.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.324-331
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• 2000

A deteriorating North Korean economy, coupled with a devastating natural disaster such as flooding and drought in recent years, brought about a severe food shortage and malnutrition problem which caused a migration of its population including young children to neighboring countries. We conducted a nutritional survey on a total of 436 children, aged 4-19 years old, who migrated to the China side of the border from July to September, 1999. The study subjects were interviewed by Korean-Chinese interviewers who were trained for anthropometric measurements and dietary surveys. Heights, weights, and chest circumference of the subjects were 70-90% of the South Korean reference values for the corresponding age and sex. Dietary intakes of the subjects were found to be extremely poor-the average number of food, mostly of plant origin, consumed in a day was 2.8, and the proportion of the subject who reported to take all three meals in a day while residing in North Korea was as low as 36.2%. Ninety five percent of the subjects had at least one clinical symptom related to malnutrition, 68.6% had 2-4 symptoms, and 15.1% had 5 or more symptoms. The results of this study provided an objective data for the first time on the severity of the food crisis and malnutrition problem that afflicted North Korean older children and adolescents as well as children aged 7 or under as previously reported elsewhere. the wasted and stunted children and youths prevailing in North Korea could exert a negative influence on the country's health and economy. More researches are needed in the future to investigate on the impact of malnutrition in North Korean children on the country's social, economic, and cultural state as well as on the health and nutrition situation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.20-25
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• 2012

New Zealand suffers from regular floods, these being the most common source of insurance claims for damage from natural hazard events in the country. This paper describes the origin and distribution of the largest floods in New Zealand, and describes the systems used to monitor and predict floods. In New Zealand, broad-scale heavy rainfall (and flooding), is the result of warm moist air flowing out from the tropics into the mid-latitudes. There is no monsoon in New Zealand. The terrain has a substantial influence on the distribution of rainfall, with the largest annual totals occurring near the South Island's Southern Alps, the highest mountains in the country. The orographic effect here is extreme, with 3km of elevation gained over a 20km distance from the coast. Across New Zealand, short duration high intensity rainfall from thunderstorms also causes flooding in urban areas and small catchments. Forecasts of severe weather are provided by the New Zealand MetService, a Government owned company. MetService uses global weather models and a number of limited-area weather models to provide warnings and data streams of predicted rainfall to local Councils. Flood monitoring, prediction and warning are carried out by 16 local Councils. All Councils collect their own rainfall and river flow data, and a variety of prediction methods are utilized. These range from experienced staff making intuitive decisions based on previous effects of heavy rain, to hydrological models linked to outputs from MetService weather prediction models. No operational hydrological models are linked to weather radar in New Zealand. Councils provide warnings to Civil Defence Emergency Management, and also directly to farmers and other occupiers of flood prone areas. Warnings are distributed by email, text message and automated voice systems. A nation-wide hydrological model is also operated by NIWA, a Government-owned research institute. It is linked to a single high resolution weather model which runs on a super computer. The NIWA model does not provide public forecasts. The rivers with the greatest flood flows are shown, and these are ranked in terms of peak specific discharge. It can be seen that of the largest floods occur on the West Coast of the South Island, and the greatest flows per unit area are also found in this location.