• Information Systems Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.139-161
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• 2018

As Korea became one of the oldest countries in the world, successful aging emerged as an important issue to individuals as well as to society. This study aims to determine not only the Korean seniors' happiness and unhappiness factors but also the means to enhance their happiness and deal with unhappiness. We collected news articles related to the happiness and unhappiness of seniors with nine keywords based on Alderfer's ERG Theory. We then applied a topic modeling technique, Latent Dirichlet Allocation, to examine the main issues underlying the seniors' happiness and unhappiness. According to the analysis, we investigated the conditions of happiness and unhappiness by inspecting the topics based on each keyword. We also conducted a detailed analysis based on the main factors from topic modeling. We proposed specific ways to increase and overcome the happiness and unhappiness of seniors, respectively, in terms of government, corporate, family, and other social welfare organizations. This study indicates the major factors that affect the happiness and unhappiness of seniors. Specific methods to boost happiness and relief unhappiness are suggested from the additional analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Coaching Psychology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.27-55
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• 2023

Employee well-being, along with its associated barriers and improvement strategies, has become an escalating concern for researchers and organizations worldwide. This study examined the mechanism behind workplace bullying and depression, exploring the role of psychological safety as a mediating factor. Additionally, we investigated the potential impact of organizational compassion, distinguishing between supervisor and co-worker compassion, as a means of supporting employees subjected to workplace bullying. Based on an analysis of 392 online survey responses from full-time employees in South Korea, our findings demonstrate that workplace bullying undermines psychological safety, resulting in increased depression rates among employees. As anticipated, supervisor compassion mitigated the adverse effect of workplace bullying, whereas co-worker compassion did not exhibit the same moderating effect. These results emphasize the importance of fostering a supportive and compassionate work environment led by supervisors to lessen the strain on employee well-being. Theoretical and practical implications, along with directions for future research, are discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Coaching Psychology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.127-152
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• 2023

Employees' innovative behavior is crucial for organizations to maintain competitiveness and foster growth. Empowering leadership coaching styles, which delegate authority and responsibility to organizational members while respecting their autonomy, create opportunities for members to solve problems and present innovative ideas. Drawing on signal theory, this study aims to clarify the process through which political skill influences employees' work innovative behavior, mediated by empowering leadership. Additionally, we examine whether the leader's implicit followership prototype moderates the relationship between employees' political skills and empowering leadership. Survey data were collected in two rounds with a two-week lag from 180 employees in a manufacturing company in South Korea. The results revealed that political skill was related to empowering leadership and subsequent work innovative behavior. Furthermore, the leaders' implicit followership prototype strengthened the relationship between political skill and empowering leadership. This study provides meaningful theoretical and practical insights into empowering coaching styles.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.177-207
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• 2012

Today's consumers perceive consumption as a representation of themselves. It is not simply an act that fulfills a consumer's physical and practical needs. Even in terms of life quality, consumers increasingly want to achieve an emotional and sensible experience through consumption. Consumers now make decisions based on their need to express their position in relation to other people, pursue emotional satisfaction, and try to improve the quality of life. Culture-art products that meet such internal and external demands of consumers have made significant improvements in both quantity and quality, because of the social interest and policy support. The recognition of personal and social values of culture and arts has brought about interest in and need for culture-art products. Businesses have agilely embraced such change and actively implemented various marketing strategies utilizing culture and arts. For example, businesses began to sponsor artists who produce culture-art products while building facilities for cultural and art performances or exhibitions. Businesses have also provided performances and exhibitions free-of-charge or at affordable prices. As a result, the supply in the market has started to exceed its demand as is often the case in many of other markets. However, such imbalance has occurred not because of over-supply but because of a lack of demand. Given these circumstances, the government and culture and art related organizations, which had mainly concentrated on the supply side, started to recognize the importance of creating personal and social values in culture and arts. As a result, the government and various organizations are now creating various strategies that include policy measures to achieve their new found goal. Unfortunately however, such efforts are not meeting the expectations. Focusing on above-mentioned circumstances and problems, this study aims to find measures to create demand for culture-art products in the internal conditions of those who consume culture-art products. In other words, given that the demand for culture-art products has not increased despite all external conditions to encourage consumption, this study aims to find the reasons in consumers' value judgment on culture-art products. Though there were recent studies on culture-art products that applied consumer behavior on marketing theories, most of them focused on peripheral aspects such as people's motivation for or satisfaction from watching culture-art events. Hence, there is a need to understand what kind of value consumers perceive from culture-art products and how such value cognition leads to consumption in a comprehensive manner. This study acts as follow-up to a separate study entitled "Qualitative Study about Value Cognition and Benefits of Consumer on Culture-Art Products". The current study aims to extend practical implications that enhance the effectiveness of marketing strategies among the producing and policy agencies in the industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate dimensions of value cognition, benefits and attributes of culture-art products, and identify the effects of consumer value cognition on benefits and attributes. The questionnaire was developed based on the conceptual structure of qualitative research and previous researches. It was composed of value cognition, benefits, attributes of culture-art products and demographic variables. This survey was conducted on-line and off-line among a total of 662 persons ranging from their teens to their 50's who were living in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, various metropolitan cities, and small and medium-sized cities. The data collected was analyzed by factor analysis and path analysis using SPSS WIN 18.0 and AMOS 16.0. This empirical study found that the dimensions of value cognition of culture-art products were categorized into personal goods, aesthetic goods and public property. This shows that the consumers perceive culture-art products as products that are worthy enough to pay the costs not just for personal benefits but also for their social values. Also the formation of value cognition for culture-art products requires special conditions unlike that for physical consumer goods and services, which simply require marketing stimuli. The dimensions of benefits pursued by consuming culture-art products were found to be composed of four types - pursuit of aesthetic benefits, pursuit of actual benefits, pursuit of emotional benefits, and pursuit of conspicuous character. This result implies that people consume culture-art products not just to pursue pleasure from emotional and intelligent satisfaction as well as social relations, but also to seek the needs and benefits embodied at a social level. The dimensions of attributes of culture-art products had seven different factors, - environmental, price, evaluation, people, artwork, composition, and personal relations - which is plentiful. This is because the attributes of culture-art products are very complicated compared to other consumer goods or services. Since culture-art products include not just cultural or artistic works but also all physical, human, environmental, and systemic elements of the products in a comprehensive manner, consumers perceive everything they experience in the process of consuming culture-art products as part of the products. The dimensions of value cognition was found to affect attributes of the products, mostly using pursued benefits as a mediating factors. This result is consistent with the result of qualitative research, and proves that applying the means-end chain theory in the reverse direction is reasonable. The result can be interpreted that consumers' value cognitions for culture-art products turns into actual benefits leading to consumers' decisions. Furthermore, this result reveals that when consumers choose culture-art products, they take into account the attributes of culture-art products depending on the benefits they pursue. These results confirm that despite their conceptual and abstract attributes, culture-art products have values that contribute to actual benefits for individual consumers and society. Hence, value cognition generates benefits to be pursued and this in turn affects the consumers' choices of attributes on products. Based on the conceptual structure of consumers' value cognitions on culture-art products and its dimensions, it is possible to find detailed methods to provide opportunities for education and training to form and reinforce positive value cognition on culture-art products. And through those methods, it will be possible to develop attributes of culture-art products according to the dimensions of pursued benefits, and allow conceptual products become the subject to valuable consumption in real life. These results provide theoretical understanding of consumer behavior in culture marketing and useful information to culture-art producers, companies that use culture and art, and government agencies that use culture-art as a mean to improve the public perception of quality of life. As a follow up on this study, there should be experimental studies that can develop criteria visualizing the demands of consumers who purchase culture-art products and identify their detailed attributes. Studies that compare characteristics of different areas within the culture-art product category and in-depth studies on a specific area or genre will also be needed. In order to develop marketing strategies for culture-art products, studies on the formation and reinforcement of positive value cognition on culture-art products and education for the development of consumer demand as well as on the development and differentiation of attributes of culture-art products depending on types of consumer groups should also follow.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is investigation of radiation dose in CT scan. Data were collected from various references and organizations. Doses measured by CT scanners of each medical organization were analyzed and they were calculated through the examination protocol. The results are as follows : 1. $CTDI_W$ value per 100mAs measured by Head Phantom was the highest in <4-slice MDCT scanner> of 24.20 mGy. $CTDI_W$ values were significantly different among scanner generations(p < 0.01). 2. $CTDI_W$ value per 100 mAs measured using body phantom was the highest in <4-slice MDCT scanner> of 13.58 mGy and the $CTDI_W$ values were significantly different among scanner generations(p < 0.01). 3. When contrast medium was not used, the highest scanner was <16 slice MDCT> of $818.83\;mGy{\codt}cm$ in exposure dose in brain scan(p < 0.05). When the contrast medium was used, the highest scanner was <4 slice MDCT> and its average was $1,460.77\;mGy{\cdot}cm$(p < 0.1). 4. When the contrast medium was not used, the highest scanner was <16-slice MDCT> of $521.63\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ on average in terms of the exposure dose in chest inspection(p<0.05). when the contrast medium was used, the highest scanner was found in 8 slice MDCT scanner and its average was $1,174.70\;mGy{\cdot}cm$. There was no statistically significant difference among scanners. 5. When the contrast medium was not used, the highest scanner was <16-slice MDCT> and its average was $856.27\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ in exposure dose on the abdomen-pelvis(p<0.05). when the contrast medium was used, the highest scanner was <16-slice MDCT> and its average was $1,720.64\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ on average (p < 0.05). 6. When the contrast medium was not used, the highest scanner was <8-slice MDCT> and its average was $612.07\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ in exposure dose in liver inspection(p < 0.05). when the contrast medium was used, the highest scanner was <8-slice MDCT scanner> and its average was $2,197.93\;mGy{\cdot}cm$ in exposure dose(p < 0.1). seventy six point two percent of medical facilities were in risk of radiation exposure while the number of phase was three to four times in their dose inspection of contrast medium.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.3-35
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• 2005

The meaning of Online ADR lies in the prompt and economical resolution of disputes by applying the information/communication element (Internet) to existing ADR. However, if the promptness and economical efficiency are overemphasized, the fairness and appropriateness of dispute resolution may be compromised and consequently Online ADR will be belittled and criticized as second-class trials. In addition, as communication is mostly made using texts in Online ADR it is difficult to investigate cases and to create atmosphere and induce dynamic feelings, which are possible in the process of dispute resolution through face-to-face contact. Despite such difficulties, Online ADR is expanding its area not only in online but also in offline due to its advantages such as promptness, low expenses and improved resolution methods, and is expected to develop rapidly as the electronic government decided to adopt it in the future. Accordingly, the following points must be focused on for the continuous First, in the legal and institutional aspects for the development of Online ADR, it is necessary to establish a framework law on ADR. A framework law on ADR comprehending existing mediation and arbitration should be established and it must include contents of Online ADR, which utilizes electronic communication means. However, it is too early to establish a separate law for Online ADR because Online ADR must develop based on the theoretical system of ADR. Second, although Online ADR is expanding rapidly, it may take time to be settled as a tool of dispute resolution. As discussed earlier, additionally, if the amount of money in dispute is large or the dispute is complicated, Online ADR may have a negative effect on the resolution of the dispute. Thus, it is necessary to apply Online ADR to trifle cases or domestic cases in the early stage, accumulating experiences and correcting errors. Moreover, in order to settle numerous disputes effectively, Online ADR cases should be analyzed systematically and cases should be classified by type so that similar disputes may be settled automatically. What is more, these requirements should reflected in developing Online ADR system. Third, the application of Online ADR is being expanded to consumer disputes, domain name disputes, commercial disputes, legal disputes, etc., millions of cases are settled through Online ADR, and 115 Online ADR sites are in operation throughout the world. Thus Online ADR requires not temporary but continuous attention, and mediators and arbitrators participating in Online ADR should be more intensively educated on negotiation and information technologies. In particular, government-led research projects should be promoted to establish Online ADR model and these projects should be supported by comprehensive researches on mediation, arbitration and Online ADR. Fourth, what is most important in the continuous development and expansion of Online ADR is to secure confidence in Online ADR and advertise Online ADR to users. For this, incentives and rewards should be given to specialists such as lawyers when they participate in Online ADR as mediators and arbitrators in order to improve their expertise. What is more, from the early stage, the government and public institutions should have initiative in promoting Online ADR so that parties involved in disputes recognize the substantial contribution of Online ADR to dispute resolution. Lastly, dispute resolution through Online ADR is performed by organizations such as Korea Institute for Electronic Commerce and Korea Consumer Protection Board and partially by Korean Commercial Arbitration Board. Online ADR is expected to expand its area to commercial disputes in offline in the future. In response to this, Korean Commercial Arbitration Board, which is an organization for commercial dispute resolution, needs to be restructured.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1997

The objective of this paper is to think about what structural reforms of the Korean government S&T development management system might be. Korean society is currently experiencing a drastic socio-economic transformation. The results of this transformation should be reflected on the determining process of the directions and breadths of structural reforms of government S&T development management system. Because the government system design will be based on the premises of socio-economic conditions under which administrative activities perform and also this socio-economic changes can influence on changes of the premises of government management system design. Moreover, S&T development management system is a subsystem of government system so that the directions of structural reform of those subsystems should be considered in the broad framework changes in the development management system of the government. For the last forty years, the Korean government S&T development management system has been based on the premises including transformation from an agrarian society to an industrial society, authoritarianism and centrally controlled institutions, and exteremely small portions of private investments for science and thechonology R & D of the total. Recently, however, the premises of Korean government S&T development management system have rapidly changed. the characteristics of these changes are including tranformation from an industrial society to a knowledge and information intensive society, globalization, localization, and relatively large portion of private investments for science and technology R & C of the total. The basis of government reforms in Korea was the realization of the performances and values through the enhancement of national competitive capacity, attainment of lean government, decentralization and autonomy. However, the Korean government has attached a symbolic value of strategic organizations representing strong policy intentions of government for the science and technology based development. Most problems associated with the Korean government S&T development management system have grown worse during 1990s. Many people perceive that considerable part of this problem was generated because the government could not properly adapt itself to new administrative environment and the paradigm shift in its role. First of all, the Korean government S&T development management system as a whole failed to develop an integrated vision under which processes in formulating science and thechology development goals and developing consistent government plans concerning science and technology development are guided. Second, most of the local governments have little organizational capacity and manpowers to handle localized activities to promote science and technology in their regions. Third, the measure to coordinate and set priorities to invest resources for the development of science and technology was not effective. Fourth, the Most has been losing its reputation as the symbol of ideological commitment of the top policy maker to promote science and technology. Various ideas to reform government S&T development management system have been suggested recently. Most frequently cited ideas are as follow : (ⅰ)strengthen the functions of MoST by supplementing the strong incentive and regulatory measures; (ⅱ)create a new Ministry of Education, Science & Technology and Research by merging the Ministry of Education and the MoST; (ⅲ)create a new Ministry of Science & Technology and Industry ; and(ⅳ)create a National Science and Technology Policy Council under the chairmanship of the President. Four alternatives suggested have been widely discussed among the interested parties and they each have merits as well as weaknesses. The first alternative could be seen as an alternative which cannot resolve current conflicts among various ministries concerning priority setting and resource allocation. However, this alternatives can be seen as a way of showing the top policymaker's strong intention to emphasize science and technology based development. Second alternative is giving a strategic to emphasize on the training and supplying qualified manpower to meet knowledge and information intensive future society. This alternative is considered to be consistent with the new administrative paradigm emphasizing lean government and decentralization. However, opponents are worrying about the linkages and cooperative research between university and industry could be weakening. The third alternative has been adopted mostly in nations which have strong basic science research but weak industrial innovation traditions. Main weakness of this alternative for Korea is that Korean science and technology development system has no strong basic science and technology research traditions. The fourth alternative is consistent with new administrative paradigms and government reform bases. However, opponents to this alternative are worried that the intensive development of science and technology because of Korea's low potential research capabilities in science and technology development. Considerning the present Korean socio-economic situation which demands highly qualified human resources and development strategies which emphasizes the accumulations of knowledge-based stocks, I would like to suggest the route of creating a new Ministry of Education, Science & Technology and Research by intergrating education administration functions and science & technology development function into one ministry.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop education program for physicians who work at hospice palliative care settings in Korea, to practice abridged education program extracted from the full contents of the proposed education, and to improve the quality of hospice palliative care service. Methods: To develop the education program, questionnaire for hospice education need assessment (total 79 items) was distributed to 125 organizations practicing hospice service via mail and the data was collected from 1 Sep. to 10 Oct. 2004. Another questionnaire for hospice education importance assessment was asked to the palliative specialists from Sep. 23 to 17 Oct. 2004. Based on the analysis of the questionnaires, and reviewing various references and actual hospice palliative education programs of other countries, the education programs were developed. Results: Ore-day-Hospice education 2004 was conducted based on the suggested education program, and it was practiced four times on a national basis (2 times in Seoul, and once in Busan and Gwangju, respectively). 47 physicians attended the education program. The education program lasted about 7 hours, comprising 5 hours of common lectures for all attendants regardless of their professions and 2 hours of specific seminar for physicians only. Attendants positively responded to the contents of the education program. But they pointed out that the program should be offered on weekday and it should be more in-depth and more discussion based lesson. Conclusion: The suggested education program was not fully conducted yet. After practicing the abridged education program, more in-depth and discussion oriented rather than lecture-based education were suggested. It may be argued that the proposed education, which requires much longer period education, should also reflect the evaluation of the 1-day education program to successfully implement the proposed education program.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.17
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• pp.55-89
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• 2003

What are the international aviation regimes? It is said that they are sets of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures of international aviation around which aviation actors' (states-actors, intergovernmental aviation organization, international aviation conventions, airlines and their organizations etc.) expectations converge in a given aviation issue-area for the purposes of the human welfare and the operations of the stable civil aviation. In this regards, the purposes of this study are focused on the aviation actors' shifts. Chronologically, international aviation regimes have been developed by some stages as followings; The 1st stage is the period from 1944 Chicago Convention to 1978 US Deregulation Act, when the aviation regulations and rules within the international aviation relations were implemented by Chicago-Bermuda regimes as Christer Jonsson pointed out. In this first stage, the sovereignty for the airspace over their countries is absolute. The second stage is the period from 1978 to '1992 Open Skies Agreement' between US and Netherlands. In this regime, airlines' activities as well as state-actors' have been actuated. The third stage is the period from 1992 to the contemporary. In this stage, airlines' activities for the consumers such as 'Open Skies Agreements', 'e-commerce business', 'airspace open policy within EU area', 'service open policy of WTO', and 'airlines' strategic alliance' are the central focal points in the world aviation relationship. In the conclusion, this phenomenon of the core actors in the international aviation rules has been shifted from the states-actors to the non-states actors especially, operating airlines, or consuming customers. Finally, I' d like to suggest that international aviation regimes should be developed to promote and facilitate the globalized level for the people's movements among the global aviation society. That is the way to proceed to the welfare and peace for all human beings of the World.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

It is essential factor for business operation to raise funds effectively. However, in Korea, many start-ups and small businesses have difficulties in fund-raising. In recent years, crowdfunding, a new method for funding a project of individuals or organizations by raising monetary contributions from a large number of people, has been growing up simultaneously with diffusion of social media. Crowdfunding is on early stage in Korea, and the majority of projects are focused on cultural or art categories. There is high proportion of projects that have social value in start-up sector. Crowdfunding in Korea has great potential because success rate of it is much higher than its of advanced countries, although market size is much smaller than them. The purpose of this paper is to propose success strategies of crowdfunding for start-up through case study. 5 crowdfunding platforms of Korea and Kickstarter, the platform of United States were investigated. Then we checked the figures related to the operation of the whole Korean projects on start-up. Finally, we made comparison between the cases of success and failure by analyzing 8 project characteristics. The study shows that it were the differences in trustworthiness and activeness of project creator, value of reward and efforts for interactivity that have great effects on success of the project. Whereas there was no significant influence of societal contribution and sponsor engagement. The thesis provides success strategies of crowdfunding for start-up as follows. Firstly, creator of the project should make support base by enthusiastic activites before launching funding project. Secondly, there should be contents that can easily show the process of business development in the project information. Thirdly, there must be appropriate design of rewards for each amounts of support money. Finally, efforts for interactivity, such as frequent updates, response for comments and SNS posting, should be followed after the launch of the project.