• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2021

This study aimed to determine the effects if ambient temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk production parameters such as milk yield, fat, protein, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and lactose. A total of fifty (50) mid-lactating Korean Holstein cows (144 - 150 days postpartum) were randomly assigned to two groups in equal numbers (n = 25) according to the type of diet received: conventional feed, a mixture of 56: 44 ratio of roughage and concentrate mix, and organic feed containing 100% organic roughage. Temperature, RH, and THI were recorded daily and averaged monthly. Conventional group showed higher dry matter intake throughout the experiment and thus, showed higher total milk yield and milk composition such as milk fat, protein, and lactose content than organic milk. Milk of the conventional group showed higher polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration. Highest milk yield was observed in September (21.7℃, 82.4%RH) in conventional group (27.69 kg·day^-1) and in June (21.4℃, 72.9%RH) in organic group (14.31 kg·day^-1). In conventional group, milk yield was positively correlated with Ta and THI, and milk protein was negatively correlated with Ta, RH, and THI. In organic feeding, only the MUN among milk composition parameters showed a significant correlation where it showed a negative correlation with Ta, RH, and THI. Conventional feeding showed significantly higher milk yield, fat, protein, and lactose than organic feeding throughout the experiment, although, organic feeding showed to be less likely affected by Ta, RH, and THI than the conventional feeding.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.264-273
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of production systems and milk collection periods on the somatic cell count (SCC), some microbiological properties, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliform, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), yeast and mould) and antibiotic residue of milk; in Turkey. Milk samples were collected from 9 conventional farms and 9 organic farms during one year time, at six different months (December 2013 to October 2014), and all farms were selected from the same geographical locations. All organically managed farms had organic production certificates given by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The count of TAMB, coliform, and coagulase positive S. aureus were affected by production systems at the level of p<0.01; yeast and mold, and somatic cell count (SCC) were affected at the level of p<0.05. But, differences according to months were statistically significant only on TAMB (p<0.01) and coliform (p<0.05) counts. The general means of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould counts of the organic milk (OM) were significantly lower (p<0.05), while the general means of SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus count of the OM was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to conventional milk (CM). Antibiotic residue was determined in one of the CM sample and in two of the OM samples. Our study is the first research that compared conventional and organic milk in Turkey. This study indicated that the microbiological quality of OM was the higher in terms of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould, whereas was the lower in relation to SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus counts. But, the quality of both milk types should be improved.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.485-495
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• 2016

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary cultured wild ginseng root (CWGR) supplementation on goat milk composition and ginsenoside profiles. Sixteen Saanen dairy goats were allocated to two balanced groups based on lactation period, body weight ($38.6{\pm}3.2kg$), and dairy milk yield ($2.85{\pm}1.2kg$), and were kept in separate pens. Goats were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) feed (2.3 kg/d, dry matter basis) and 1.5 g of CWGR powder was supplemented in the experimental diet. The total feeding period was 3 weeks, and milk and blood samples were collected on the last three days of the experimental period. There was no effect of CWGR on daily milk yield and milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, and solid-not-fat). However, the CWGR-treatment group had significantly higher plasma IgG and protein contents than the control group (P < 0.05). Significant amounts of ginsenosides were observed in the milk of the CWGR-treatment group, whereas ginsenosides were not detected in the milk of the control group. In conclusion, dietary CWGR was a useful regimen to produce functional goat milk enriched in ginsenosides.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2006

Consumers have become increasingly more aware of food safety issues, as a consequence of s number of food scandals. Most of these scandals have been related to livestock products. However, most consumers still believe that it is possible to produce safe food at low prices, while a small group of consumers is willing to pay a price surplus for special quality. Organic standards, especially for livestock products, have very few definitions of process quality, and even fewer of these definitions that influence product quality. This paper work to organic milk production and marketing trends in Korea.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.155-176
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• 2010

This study was conducted to research the status, history and prospects of farm scale milk processing and to develop a management strategy for small scale milk process plant in Korea. Also it aims to provide ways to apply it so as to vitalize the farm made milk products market practically. This study was also treats the practical development of dairy farm school programs through the farm scale milk processing. Farm-scale milk plant (FMP) should be some of the ideas to develop small scale and using the resources according to the local features, limited expanding in regional market, produce by consumers order amounts, management policy will be transferred organic dairy farm. A few policy suggestions to put FMP system of financial support would not from beginner, it is better to settled FMP system by government or co-operation group in practical support programs were proposed. What the state needs to do through direct involvement were to put efforts at demand expansion on FMP system products, to certificate and safety the farm made milk products marketing system settings, to build more variation chance of the milk products. What was more important, however, was support policy, to create the network of FMP market and to develop of training program contents for each FMP operation unit. The ideal FMP model for the development of Dairy Farming proposed in this research will be applied as a relevant reference in managing and realizing environmental friendly and sustainable dairy industry at the national level.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2016

전라북도 고창 조사 지역 내 유기 낙농 농가 수는 연도가 지남에 따라 증가하지 않았지만, 전체적인 사육규모와 사육두수는 증가하였다. 연 평균 유량은 국내 검정 농가 평균에 비해 유기 낙농가가 최대 9 kg/d가 낮았지만 유지방과 유단백 함량에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. NRC (2001)의 사양표준 프로그램을 이용하여 영양소 공급 수준을 평가한 결과, 급여 사료의 에너지 비율 특히 비구조탄수화물의 비율을 감소시킬 필요가 있으며, 또한 대사단백질 및 섬유소 비율을 증가시켜 전체적인 영양소 공급 수준을 조정한다면 착유우의 건강상태 및 유생산성이 개선될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.391-401
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• 2013

본 연구는 국내 유기축산물(시유) 생산농가에 대한 사양관리 실태 및 생산수준에 관한 조사 연구를 통해 애로사항을 파악하고 개선방안을 모색하고자 수행하였다. 2010년 말 현재 전체 낙농가 6,347호 중 유기축산물(시유) 인증 농가수는 35호로 0.57%였다. 유기축산물 인증농가 35호 중 11농가에 대한 조사결과, 호당 평균 총사육두수는 142두로 그 중 평균 착유우 69두, 건유우 13두, 육성우 및 송아지 60두였다. 성우 대비 후보축의 비율은 42.4%를 차지하고 있었다. 조사농가의 평균 산유량은 분포는 20kg 미만이 14.3%, 25~30kg 미만이 57.1%, 30kg 이상 28.6%로 분포되어 있었다. 조사농가의 유성분 및 유질분포를 보면, 유지율은 3.3%로 전국 평균 유지율 3.95%보다 많이 낮았다. 평균 세균수는 5,775개/ml로 1A 등급, 체세포수는 192,500개/ml로 1등급에 해당되어 유질등급은 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 유기축산물(시유) 생산이 농가소득에 도움이 되는지에 대한 조사결과, 도움이 된다는 응답이 90%로 나타났으나 실제적인 경영자료를 분석한 연구가 추가적으로 수행되어야 할 필요가 있다고 생각된다. 일반 우유 생산에서 유기축산물(시유)로 전환한 이유는 친환경적 목장경영을 위해서라고 응답한 비율이 54.5%로 가장 높았다. 일반 낙농에 비해 유기낙농의 어려운 점으로는 유기사료 공급의 어려움이라고 대답한 비율이 45.5%로 가장 높았다. 실제적으로 유기 조사료 자가 생산 이용률은 43.0%였고, 구입하여 이용하는 비율은 57.0%로 나타나 유기 조사료 자급에 대한 비율을 더 높이는 것이 유기낙농 발전을 위해 해결해야 할 과제임을 알 수 있다. 평균 조농비율은 38.6:61.4로 조사료 급여비율이 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 향후 유기축산물(시유) 확대를 위해서는 유기사료의 안정적인 공급이 우선되어야 할 과제라 생각된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.599-612
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• 2010

본 연구는 유기곡물사료와 농산가공부산물인 미강과 대두피를 이용한 유기배합사료를 제조하였으며, 관행사료와 비교하여 산양유의 생산성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위함이다. Saanen종 비유중기 4두를 유량, 착유일수 및 산차수를 고려하여 배치하였으며, 시험 설계는 2${\times}$3 crossover design으로 하였으며, 2주간 예비기간을 거쳐 본 시험을 실시하였다. 사료공급은 에너지 및 단백질 공급량에서 ME가 23 MJ/d, 그리고 CP는 382 g/d가 되도록 조정하였다. 전체 건물섭취량은 T1구(관행사료)와 T2구(유기사료)에서 각각 1,633g과 1,658g으로 비슷한 섭취량을 나타냈으며, 유량에서는 유의한 차이는 없었지만, T2구에서 1,816g/d로 T1구의 1,667g/d와 비교하여 약 150g/d 높은 유량 증가를 나타냈다. 유성분과 유지방 함량에서는 처리간 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 지방산조성은 사료내 불포화지방산 함량이 풍부한 T2구에서 T1구보다 stearic acid(C18:0)와 linoleic acid(C18:2)가 유의하게 높았다. 또한 경제성 평가에서 1마리당 하루 150원의 소득증가를 나타냈으며 결과적으로 유기사료를 급여함으로써 농가소득에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.359-363
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• 2015

본 연구는 한국의 충남과 전북지역에서 생산되는 유기우유와 일반우유의 이화학적 성분분석을 통해 차이점을 구명하고자 수행하였으며, 각 지역에서 유기우유 및 일반우유 생산농가를 각각 5개씩 선정하여 3회(2월, 3월 및 8월) 우유를 채취하였으며, 일반성분, 무기물 및 지방산을 분석하였다. 유기우유의 유성분 중 유지방(p<0.01), 총 고형물(p<0.05), 유리지방산(p<0.01) 및 구연산(p<0.05)의 함량은 일반우유에 비해 유의적으로 낮았지만, 유단백질은 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 유기우유의 유당, 우유 중 요소태 질소(MUN) 및 체세포수는 일반우유와 차이가 없었지만, MUN은 전북지역의 우유가 충남지역보다 높았다(p<0.05). 우유내 무기물 중 P의 함량만 유기우유에서 높았고(p<0.01), Ca, K, Mg, Zn 및 Fe의 함량은 차이가 없었다. 지방산 분석 결과, 우유내 지방산 중 함량이 높은 palmitic acid나 oleic acid에서는 유의적 차이가 없었지만, stearic acid와 총 포화지방산은 일반우유에서 높았다(p<0.01). 또한, 불포화지방산인 palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosenoic acid, arachidonic acid는 유기우유에서 높았다(p<0.01). 따라서, 총 불포화지방산(p<0.01), 단일불포화지방산(MUFA, p<0.05) 및 고도불포화지방산(PUFA, p<0.01)의 함량도 유기우유에서 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과, 한국의 충남 및 전북지역에서 생산되는 유기우유는 일반우유와 비교하여 지방함량 및 지방산 조성에서 많은 차이를 보였는데, 특히 유기우유는 건강에 유익한 고도불포화지방산의 함량이 높고, 소비자들은 식품의 안전성과 건강에 대한 관심이 커지기 때문에 앞으로 유기우유의 소비가 증대할 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2010

The present study was to investigate the effect of the transition from conventional to organic dairy farming on the antimicrobial resistant pattern of pathogens in milk. A farm with tie-stall management, with an average herd size of 20 milking cows, was selected based on the owner' willingness to accept, for at least 6 months, the highly restricted protocol developed in this study. Comparisons of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibilities before changing to an organic farm system (BEFORE) and for 6 months after (AFTER) operating the experimental organic farm system were performed by Fisher's Exact Chi-square tests. Significant levels were defined at p<0.05. During the AFTER period, average frequency of antibiotic treatment was decreased from more than 3 cases/month to less than 1 case/month during which the antibiotic use was authorized only by the veterinarian. In total, 92 and 70 quarter milk samples from 24 and 18 cows during BEFORE and AFTER, respectively, were included in the study. Overall, isolates ranged from a non-resistant level for cephazolin to a very high resistant level to streptomycin (64.71% to 95.45%). Percentages of antimicrobial resistant isolates during BEFORE were significantly higher than during AFTER for ampicillin (43.48% and 5.88%, respectively) and streptomycin (95.45% and 64.71%, respectively). In conclusion, percentages of antimicrobial resistant isolates were decreased after 6 months of operating as an organic farm system.