• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 1984

This study was conducted to examine the morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the Bancheon, Gopyeong, Hwadong and Deogpyeong series derived from diluvium in Korea. The results were as follows. 1. The sequence of the Bancheon, Gopyeong, Hwadong and Deogpyeong series consists of the soil catena. Thus, the Bancheon and Gopyeong series are weil drained, the Hwadong and Deogpyeong series moderately well drained due to the influence of topography and irrigation water. 2. The surface soils of the Bancheon and Gopyeong series are yellowish red, dark yellowish brown fine silty texture and the subsoils are yellowish red, red and strong brown fine clayey with moderate to strong angular blocky or subangular blocky structure with clayey cutans on the structural face. The surface soils of the Hwadong and Deogpyeong series are dark grayish brown, grayish brown fine silty texture and the subsoils are strong brown, light olive brown and brownish yellow fine silty or fine clayey with moderate to strong prismatic, angular blocky or subangular blocky structure with clayey cutans on the structural face. The consistences of all the subsoil horizons are extremely compact and hard, whereas sticky and plastic when wet. 3. The lower the topography, the higher the silt/clay ratio, soil reaction, organic matter, available water and phosphate content but the higher the topography, the higher the active iron content. 4. These soils are classified as Hapludalfs by Soil Taxonomy in U.S.D.A. 5. These soils must be applied with much lime, phosphate and compost to improve the soil fertility.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 1984

For the purpose of investigating the effect of chemical composition of nitrogenous fertilizers such as urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate(dibasic) and aqua-ammonia on growth, yield, efficiency and chemical properties of paddy soil this study was carried out at the same nitrogen concentration through field experiment. The results obtained was summarized as follows. 1. Nitrogenous fertilizers had an effect on plant height at heading stage, plant weight at harvest and No. of spikelet per panicle of rice plants in decreasing order: Ammonium sulfate > Diammonium phosphate > Urea > Ammonia water. But they didn't effect on culm length, spike length, dry matter weight, No. of grain per spike, ripening ratio and weight of 1000 grains of rice plants. 2. The absorbed amount of nitrogen and that of sulfur and nitrogen availability were highest in ammonium sulfate application and lowest in ammonia water application and these were positively correlated with yield. 3. The influence of nitrogenous fertilizers on nitrogen and sulfur efficiency and translocation efficiency was insignificant but that of ammonium sulfate on nitrogen efficiency was higher than that of the others. 4. The effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on a basic chemical properties of paddy soil experimented such as pH, C.E.C, exchangeable cation and organic matter was insignificant. But the sulfur content of ammonium sulfate application and phosphorous content of diammonium phosphate application were higher than that of the others.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.315-321
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• 2004

To compare soil carbon contents by Tyurin method and dry combustion method, we carried out analysis for 212 samples of agricultural land in Korea. The average values of soil carbon contents analyzed by Tyurin method and dry combustion method were $17.47{\pm}10.80$ and $19.91{\pm}10.63g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Both methods were evaluated as acceptable methods for soil carbon contents as the results showed. The results showed that soil texture had little effect on analysis method of carbon contents. Highly significant linear regression equation, Y = 0.846X ($R^2=0.991$), was obtained between carbon contents analyzed by Tyurin method (Y) and dry combustion method (X). As a result of comparison with data of carbon contents of the two methods, about 69% of results at dry combustion method have exceeded to results at Tyurin method. Especially, differences between results at two methods became higher as carbon contents were increasing. Tyurin method has been advantages such as shorter analysis time for one sample, more recognition for carbon analysis, and no need for expensive analyzer, while dry combustion method has simpler procedure, no heavy metal wastes, and more samples for analysis at one time.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.478-485
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• 2009

This study was conducted to reclassify Yongheung series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy and to discuss the formation of Yongheung series in Jeju Island. Morphological properties of typifying pedon of Yongheung series were investigated and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. The typifying pedon contains 3.2~3.4% oxalate extractable (Al + 1/2 Fe), less than 85% phosphate retention, and higher bulk density than $0.90Mg\;m^{-3}$. That can not be classified as Andisol. But it has an argillic horizon from a depth of 15 to 150 cm and a base saturation (sum of cations) of less than 35% at 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. That can be classified as Ultisol, not as Andisol or Alfisol. The typifying pedon has 0.9 % or more organic carbon in the upper 15 cm of the argillic horizon and accordingly, can be classified as Humult. It has a clay distribution in which the percentage of clay does not decrese from its maximum amount by 20% or more within a depth of 150 cm from the mineral soil surface, and keys out as Palehumult. Also that meets the requirements of Typic Palehumult. That has 35 % or more clay at the particle-size control section and has mesic soil temperature regime. Yongheung series can be classified as fine, mixed, thermic family of Typic Palehumults, not as fine, mixed, thermic family of Typic Hapludalfs. Most soils distributed in the southern coastal areas in Jeju island which have a humid climate are developed as Andisols. But Yongheung series distributed in this areas and derived from mainly trachyte, trachytic andesite, and volcanic ash are developed as Ultisols.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2008

In order to obtain the basic information for agricultural utilization of Germanium(Ge), the growth characteristics and the germanium uptake by water celery were investigated at different concentration of germanium in soil. This experiment was carried out in the Wagner pot(1 $5,000^{-1}a$). Germanium concentrations in soil for water celery cultivation were maintained at 0.26, 25.0, 62.5, and 125.0 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The treatment of over Ge 25.0 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the soil led to germanium phytotoxicity such as reduction of plant height and fresh weight. The contents of germanium in water celery were increased with the increase of germanium concentration in the soil. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with Ge 25.0 and 62.5 mg $kg^{-1}$, its germanium contents in plant were 89.9 and 371.6 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Then, the efficiency of germanium uptake of water celery in Ge 25.0 and 62.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ maintained plots was 1.7 and 2.4%, respectively. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with Ge 25.0, 62.5 and 125.0 mg $kg^{-1}$, its content of amino acid was found to be 89.8, 198.4, and 318.2 mg $g^{-1}$, respectively. To investigate the effect of N fertilizer application in uptake of germanium by water celery, these were treated with nontreatment, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of N application based on soil testing for cultivation of water celery. However, the amount of the N fertilizer application did not affect the contents of germanium in the water celery. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with two kinds of inorganic and organic germanium 50 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively, the content of germanium were 24.2 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the Ge-132 treatment and 11.8 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the $GeO_2$ treatment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out to investigate soil properties and the requirement of livestock manure compost in a large-scale environment-friendly agricultural complex (EFAC), Gosan, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk. Total cultivation area of major crops was 2,353 ha. This complex area included different types of environment-friendly cropping sections (402.9ha) and livestock farming including 21,077 Korean beef cattle, 1,099 dairy cow, and 32,993 hog. Amount of livestock waste carried in to Resource Center for Crop and Livestock Farming (RCCLF) was 32 Mg per day and the production of manure compost was 9,600 Mg per year. The manure contained 1.4% total nitrogen (T-N), 2.7% phosphorus as $P_2O_5$, 2.1% potassium as $K_2O$, 0.9% magnesium as MgO, 2.5% calcium as CaO. Amount of compost used in the EFAC was 6,588 Mg per year. Soil pH values in the EFAC were varied as follows: 78.1% of paddy field soil, 58.2% of upland soil, 60.3% of orchard field soil, and 62.1% of greenhouse soil were in proper range. For the content of soil organic matter, 41.7% of paddy field soil, 46.5% of upland soil, 40.5% of orchard field soil, and 81.4% of greenhouse soil were higher than proper range. The content of available phosphorus was mostly higher than proper value on the different fields except upland soil. The contents of exchangeable $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ were also exceeded in the orchard field and greenhouse soils. In addition, microbial population, especially aerobic bacteria, in the EFAC was higher than that in regular farming land.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.204-208
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• 2012

Water repellency which affects infiltration, evaporation, erosion and other water transfer mechanisms through soil has been observed under several natural conditions. Water repellency is thought to be caused by hydrophobic organic compounds, which are present as coatings on soil particles or as an interstitial matter between soil particles. This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the water repellent soil and transport characteristics of trace elements within this soil. Capillary height of the water repellent soil was measured. Batch and column studies were accompanied to identify sorption and transport mechanism of trace elements such as $Cu^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$ and $Mo^{5+}$. Difference of sorption capacity between common and repellent soils was observed depended on the degree of repellency. In the column study, the desorption of trace elements and the spatial concentration distribution as a function of time were evaluated. The capillary height was in the repellency order of 0% > 15% > 40% > 70% > 100%. No water was absorbed in soil indicating >70% repellency. Using trace elements, $Fe^{2+}$ and $Mo^{5+}$ showed higher sorption capacity in the repellent soil than in non-repellent soil. The sorption performance of $Fe^{2+}$ was found to be in the repellency order of 40% > 15% > 0%. Our results found that transfer of $Mo^{5+}$ had similar sorption tendency in soils having 0%, 15% and 40% repellency at the beginning, however, the higher desorption capacity was observed as time passes in the repellent soil compared to in non-repellent soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find out the optimum cropping system for the stable production of forage crops in the newly reclaimed land located at Gwanghwal region of Saemangum reclaimed land in which the soil is sandy loam (Munpo series). There were two treatments of nitrogen fertilization 20% increment based on the standard fertilization of 150, $200kg\;ha^{-1}$. Whole crop barley as the winter crop sowed on 27 October. After the whole crop barley was harvested at the end of May. Corn and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass as the summer crop sowed at the early of June successively on the same field. Emergence rate the whole crop barley was high while the summer crops were low. Soil salinity was increased during cultivation of summer crops. However, corn and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass were not damaged by salt. Increase of nitrogen fertilization made the growth of cultivation crops good, stem and leaf tended to have a lot of the mineral nutrients at heading stage and silking stage. After experiment, among soil chemical properties pH, content of exchangeable sodium were decreased and content of organic matter, available phosphate were increased. Dry matter yield were showed whole crop barley $13,170kg\;ha^{-1}$ and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass $19,440kg\;ha^{-1}$ by increment of nitrogen fertilization. Therefore, to improve the product and nutrient balance of reclaimed saline land comprehensive soil management should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.268-274
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• 2010

The properties of upland soils are much more dependent upon topography than those of paddy soils, and they give us very useful information to manage the upland fields. Therefore, we investigated the selected physical and chemical properties of upland soils at 84 and 150 topographic sampling sites, respectively. The topographic sites included 34.7% of local valley and fans, 18.7% of hilly and mountains, 20.0% of mountain foot slopes, 14.0% of alluvial plains, 8.0% of diluvium, and 4.6% of fluvio-marine deposits. Based on the investigation, soil textures in Jeonbuk upland fields were mostly sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, and clay soils, especially sandy clay loam soils were evenly distributed in all of the topographic sites. Soil slopes in the sites ranged from 0 to 15%, which showed an optimal condition for farm land. Soil bulk density and compaction values were from 1.19 to 1.24 g $cm^{-3}$ and from 12.1 to 13.9 mm, respectively. As comparing with the optimal conditions of soil chemical properties for upland soils proposed by National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea, 37%, 42.7%, 93.0% of the sites were within optimum levels with soil pH, content of soil organic matter, and electrical conductivity, respectively. However, 64.0%, 47.3%, 48.7%, and 42.7% of the upland soils contained excess levels of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, and available phosphorus, respectively. In addition, the contents of heavy metals, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in the Jeonbuk upland soils were much less than threshold levels.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2012

This study investigated soil carbon storage and microbial activities influenced by different management practices in rice paddies and pastures. Soils under a single-crop farming of rice (CON) and rice-Italian ryegrass rotation farming (IRG) were compared in Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, Seocheon and Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do. Soils from pastures were analyzed to investigate the effect of duration period (P1, P2, P3) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do and Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do. In rice paddy, total and particulate carbon (PC) concentrations in the IRG soils were significantly higher than those in the CON soils both in Jangheung and Seocheon where the IRG has been established for three years, whereas carbon concentrations were not significantly different in Cheonan where IRG planting history is only one year. In rice paddy soils, PC was suggested as an early indicator to monitor changes in soil carbon storage followed by adopting different management practices. In pasture, total and PC concentrations increased with duration period especially in the 0-5 cm soils. Contrary to the rice paddy soils, the magnitude of change in PC concentration is not as great as that in total carbon concentration, implying that there is a need to develop a new early indicator other than PC using different fractionation scheme. The soil carbon storage in pasture also increased with years since establishment and the increasing rate was significantly greater in the early stage (0-5 yrs) than the later one (> 5 yrs). Microbial activities measured from fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis analysis were significantly lower in the IRG soils than CON soils, whereas no difference was observed in the pastures of different ages. This shows that FDA activity is not a sensitive indicator to differentiate soil qualities influenced by management practices if it is used by itself.