• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.13-36
• /
• 1997

This study aims to point out the basic strategy of agrotechnical and -political approaches toward successful settling for the environmental agriculture system in Korea. Although environmental agriculture & forestry strategy toward the 21st century and it's action program were released in 1996, some scientist from environmental agriculture and organic agriculture still argue on the errors of it's strategy and action program in terms of environmental sound functions. Especially it's strategy and action program of government did not focus the reduction of fertilizer and pesticide as the matters of weight and importance to reduction of fertilizer and pesticide as the matters of weight and importance to realize an environmental sound agriculture system. And korean organic agriculture gets a point in dispute, because 1) they do not practice of Basic Standard of IFOAM and FAO/WHO Codex draft, and 2) organic farming is defined quite differently from internationally recognized core aspects of organic agriculture. Organic farming, in Korea, is taken to mean the replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manure and avoidance of agricultural chemicals. In the paper it is discussed the necessity, purpose, effect and consequence of basic standard for korean organic agriculture. The reformation of the certification system and t he direct payment system in environmental agriculture & forestry strategy toward the 21st century and it's action program by government, and on the need of the teaching program and curriculum in high education institution, the breeding program of resistant cultivars, the soil testing for optimum fertilization strategy, the nutrient management program, the declaration for 2020 environemntal agriculture are also discussed.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.67-71
• /
• 2012

Organic fertilizers are divided into natural organic and synthetic organics. The benefits of natural organic fertilizer were reported from the previous researches. The previous researches have reported that clippings are nitrogen source for turfgrass growth. However, the limited research results about clippings as a source of natural organic fertilizers were reported. The objective of the research to investigate effects of liquid fertilizer produced from fermented clippings for creeping bentgrass growth. Liquid fertilizer (LF) produced was used for the research to be compared with urea and two natural organic fertilizers of different source (NO-1 and NO-2). Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., Midnight) was used for the study. Turfgrass quality was measured by visual evaluation every two weeks from June to October, 2011 using a scale of 1 to 9 (1=worst, 6=acceptable, and 9=best). LF produced greater turfgrass quality than acceptable quality, especially with the summer period while urea and NO produced lower turfgrass quality than acceptable quality of 6. LF had less quality alteration than urea and NO during the study. Based on the result of the study, LF are more stable to maintain turfgrass quality than urea and NO.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.202-207
• /
• 2011

Organic fertilizers are divided into natural organic and synthetic organics. The benefits of natural organic fertilizer were reported from the previous researches. However, the limited research results about clippings as a source of natural organic fertilizers were reported. The objective of the research to investigate effects of liquid fertilizer produced from fermented clippings for creeping bentgrass growth. Liquid fertilizer (LF) produced was used for the research to be compared with Urea and two natural organic fertilizers of different source (NO-1 and NO-2). Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L., L-93) was used for the study. Turfgrass quality was measured by visual evaluation every two weeks from June to October, 2011 using a scale of 1 to 9 (1=worst, 6=acceptable, and 9=best). Turfgrass disease damage was measured by percent of area damaged when a turfgrass disease occurred. LF produced lower damage than NO and urea when temperature was high. Although NO-2 produced the highest or equal to the highest turfgrass quality in June and October, LF had the highest or equal to the highest quality from July to September.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.274-279
• /
• 1983

In order to find out the application effect of commercial organic fertilizer on the germination rate of ginseng seed, growth of ginseng plant and changes of the physicochemical properties of soils, a Miwon organic fertilizer, byproduct of amino acid fermentation, was applied to the ginseng nursery bed. The application rates of Miwon organic fertilizer were 0kg-N from organic fertilizer and 30kg-N from wild grass compost per 10a as control(namely 0kg-N/10a), 2.5kg-N and 27.5kg-N/ 10a(2.5kg-N/10a) 5.0kg-N and 25kg-N/10a(5.0kg-N/10a), 10kg-N and 20kg-N/10a(10kg-N/10a), 15kg-N and 15kg-N/10a(15kg-N/10a) respectively, The obtained results are as follows: 1. The germination rate of ginseng seed were better in the plots that received 2.5kg, 5.0kg and 10kg-N/10a as compared with control plot. However no difference was found on germination rate between control and 15kg-N/10a, 2. The higher rate of missing plant was found in the 15kg-N/10a plot that showed poor growth. However control and 10kg-N/10a plot showed similar rate of missing plant. The best result, lower rate of missing plant, was obtained in the order of 5kg-N and 2.5kg-N/10a respectively. 3. The significant heavier ginseng root weight was obtained in 5kg-N/10a and 10kg-N/10a plot. However the root weight was decreased in the order of 2.5kg-N/10a, control, 15kg-N/10a. 4. In the physicochemical changes of soils between control and organic fertilizer treated soil before and after harvesting the increment of pH, C.E.C. and organic matter content along with the rate of organic fertilizer application were found. There were significant correlation between nitrate nitrogen and the rate of organic fertilizer application. 5. In the view points of germination rate, missing rate of plant and yield of ginseng root, it can be stated that the best result could be obtained from the plot that received 10kg-N/10a from Miwon commercial organic fertilizer and 10kg-N/10a from wild grass compost.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.207-217
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to estimate organic Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop wheat and triticale as winter forage crops were grown on different applying sources (no fertilizer, organic fertilizer or cattle slurry), and mixed sowing in combination with hairy vetch and forage pea at the level of 50% cattle slurry application during the period of 2009~2011. The experimental plots were consisted of 5 treatments. Each treatment was triplicates and allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop wheat, annual mean dry matter (DM) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and crude protein (CP) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for forage pea and hairy vetch-mixed sowing treatments than for no fertilizer and organic ferilizer treatments. Mean CP, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) contents of legumes-mixed sowing treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. As diets replaced with 70% whole crop wheat were provided for 450kg of Hanwoo heifers, legumes-mixed sowing treatments could raise more heifers than organic fertilizer and no fertilizer treatments. For triticale, annual mean DM, CP and TDN yields were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and CP content of legumes-mixed sowing and cattle slurry application treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other treatments. When 450kg of Hanwoo heifers were fed on diets replaced with 70% triticale, it was estimated that legumes-mixed sowing treatments at the level of 50% cattle slurry application could rear average 3.3~3.4 heads/ha/year, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than no fertilizer treatment (2.5 heads/ha/year). It was indicated that DM yields of whole crop wheat and triticale were much more effective in cattle slurry application than organic fertilizer, and Legumes-mixed sowing at the level of 50% cattle slurry application rather than whole crop wheat or triticale alone increased yields per unit area and nutritional value such as CP content. In conclusion, it is conceived that whole crop wheat or triticale produced in the manner above can be used instead of grains imported as dietary protein sources in the organic Hanwoo feeding regimen.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.19 no.spc
• /
• pp.199-202
• /
• 2011

Organic production practices varied among producers. Generally, organic producers were relying on imported input materials such as organic compost and liquid fertilizer even more than conventional producers. Very few organic farmers had composting facilities or sites for the own supply of compost in need. The productivity of organic kiwifruit orchard (92%) was not as low as that of conventional while the net income (243%) was more than double that of conventional. This was mainly attributed to high farm gate price of organic fruits, low paid labour use and electricity. As a consequence, organic kiwifruit production seems to become a feasible option in Korea. However, high dependence on imported farming material, fuel and labour for too frequent liquid fertilizer spray should be addressed to achieve long term sustainability of organic kiwifruit production.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.42
• /
• pp.195-211
• /
• 2009

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.375-381
• /
• 2000

Quantifying the changes of soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes are important to understand the dynamics of active soil C and N pools. The dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and N and the activity of enzymes over entire growth period of soybean-(Glycine max (L) Merr.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence on a Typic Haplustert as influenced by organic manure and inorganic fertilizer N were investigated in a field experiment. The application of farmyard manure at 4 to 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}\;y^{-1}r^{-1}$ along with fertilizer nitrogen at 50 or 180 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ increased the mean soil microbial biomass from 1.12 to 2.05 fold over unmanured soils under soybean-wheat system. Irrespective of organic and chemical fertilizer N application, the soil microbial biomass was maximum during the first two months at active growing stage of the crops and subsequently declined with crop maturity. The mean annual microbial activity was significantly increased when manure and chemical fertilizer at 8 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and 50/180 N $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively were applied. The C turnover rate decreased by 47 to 72 % when the level of farmyard manure was increased from 4 to 8 and 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. There were significant correlations between biomass C, available N, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and yield of the crops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.399-407
• /
• 2013

Organic grape was generally produced in rainshield or plastic greenhouse culture while most of fruits were produced in open field. But little attention has been given to soil properties with different culture facilities in organic grape cultivation. This study was conducted to investigate soil physico-chemical properties of organic grapes farms with different culture facilities and soil management practices. Organic fertilizer was main resource to manage soil at organic grapes farms. Organic grapes farms were applied with total amount of organic fertilizer at one time, either at basal or additional fertilization, whereas conventional grapes farms applied with split fertilization. Bulk density and penetration resistance of soil were lower at both rainshield and green manure-applied plastic greenhouse cultures than those at clean plastic greenhouse culture. Especially, in plastic greenhouse, sod culture with natural weed after green manure application was more effective than general sod culture in improving physical properties of the rhizosphere. The contents of organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium tended to increase in the soils applied with green manure, and the difference of soil chemical properties were significant between rainshield and plastic greenhouse cultures. The optimum soil management was required in plastic greenhouse because pH, available phosphate and exchangeable cations reached over optimum range. Consequently, the ground cover management is the key factor to affect the chemical properties as well as soil physical properties extensively in plastic greenhouse. It is found that sod culture with natural weed after green manure application resulted in enhancement of utilization efficiency of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium in soil in comparison with general sod culture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.201-206
• /
• 2009

It is generally accepted that organic materials are a significant factor on the soil aggregation formation but little information exists on how the formation and stabilization of aggregates in reclaimed tidelands. In this work, the effects of organic materials on the soil aggregate formation in reclaimed tidelands were determined. The soil was treated with 5 cm-size chopped fresh italian ryegrass residues (fresh organic material), commercial livestock compost with swine manure and sawdust (by product fertilizer), and fresh organic material + by product fertilizer (1 : 1 w/w) after ploughing at 20 cm soil depth. The three organic materials applied $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$ every year. Water stable aggregate was estimated by wet-sieving method. Three years after the beginning of the experiment, water stable aggregate rate and MWD (mean weight diameter) were higher fresh organic material treatment than two other treatments. For improvement of physical property and structure of soil in reclaimed tidelands, fresh organic material treatment was more suitable than two other treatments.