• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.286-294
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• 2020

This study aims to economically evaluate rice production and various ecological services provided by organic rice paddy carrying out rice-fish mixed farming. It was also conducted to find a stable structure for increasing the income of rice-producing farmers and promoting ecological services by evaluating the economic feasibility of organic rice paddy for rice-fish mixed farming. As a result of the analysis of expected effects by ecological service functions according to the types of agriculture in the rice-fish mixed farming, general conventional paddy fields were evaluated to have an effect of continuously decreasing biodiversity such as amphibian reptiles, aquatic insects, bird habitats, experience and ecological education, and vegetation diversity, while the biodiversity of organic and rice-fish mixed paddy fields was assessed to increase. As a result of evaluating the economic value, as the area for fish production increases compared to the common practice and organic paddy fields, rice production decreases, but fish production increases and total income was analyzed to increase. In addition, if the value of ecosystem service functions is assessed in the future, it will increase further. It is hoped that these findings will be used as basic data for solving oversupply problems in the rice industry, preserving safe farm income, and improving sustainable farming and ecosystem service functions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.408-414
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find out optimum cultivated regions for rice organic farming. The organic and conventional rice as control were grown in three different places : secluded hill paddy field for Hapcheon, normal rural paddy field for Sancheong, and suburban paddy field for Jinju from 2005 to 2006. In secluded hill paddy field, the organic material and pesticide to control pest and disease were input twice for organic and conventional rice cultivation. However, in normal rural and suburban paddy field, those were input three times for organic and conventional rice cultivation. The occurrence of sheath blight in organic farming was higher than in conventional farming. Whereas brown planthopper population per 20 plant was significantly high 10.1~19.5 for conventional farming compared with 4.4~10.0 for organic farming. For that reason, the density of the brown planthoppers was higher in organic farming than those in conventional farming. Dominated weeds occurred in organic and conventional paddy field were namely Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia prostrata, and Cyperus difformis. The population per 20 plant and dried weight per $m^2$ of weeds were higher in 121 and 50.5 g for organic paddy field. The productivity of rice in different cultivated regions for organic farming was $2.96Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in hill paddy field, $4.03Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in normal rural and suburban paddy field. Toyo-taste value and ratio of perfect grain of milled rice were not different by cultivated regions in both farming system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.301-314
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• 2005

Insect pests were surveyed in 5 Rice paddy field areas of Organic paddy field and conventional paddy field. At the each rice-growth period, the occurrence rate of 'Small brawn plant hopper was high at the case of duck raising and rice bran farming on middle stage of rice paddy field in Gang-Hwa region. The occurrence rate of Rice water weevil was high at the conventional paddy field on the early stage of rice paddy field in Yeo-Ju region. In the Hong-Seong region, the occurrence rate of 'Rice water weevil' and 'Green rice leafhopper' was high at the 'duck raising compare to the conventional farming on the early stage of rice paddy field. According to each period, the occurrence rate of insect was high at late stage of rice paddy field, and there was no difference between each region. It showed high-occurrence tendency at duck pasture farming rice paddy field. The major natural enemies were spiders and parasites. Theridiidae and Linyphiidae were highly occurred on the conventional farming rice paddy field in Hong-Seong. Web builders containing Theridiidae, Linyphiidae and Tetragnathidae was occurred more than wandering spiders containing Lycosidae, Clubionidae and Pisauridae at various regions, and then occurrence of spiders was different at the various regions but was not different at each farming system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.125-151
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• 1999

After the release of facts that the high nitrate contents in vegetables by Korean organic farming, organic farmers were recommended by Korean Organic Farmer Association to apply 20t/ha compost while they applied before as much as they could, sometimes even more than 100t/ha. This study was aimed to check the safety of Korean organic product in terms of nitrate content. Current nitrate content in leaf and root vegetables by 3 different farming systems(organic farming, conventional farming, greenhouse farming) were monitored and furthermore it was compared with previously published another data in Korea to find out any changes among the monitored years(1993-1999). Current nitrate content in chinese cabbage, lettuce and kale became less compare to those of the beginning of monitoring, and especially those cultivated organic farming got the lowest value while previous organic vegetables at beginning of 90's showed the higher value than those cultivated in greenhouse. This decrease in organic vegetables was affected by less application rate of organic fertilizer than before at 20t/ha. But the nitrate level by organic farming was still higher compare to those cultivated by conventional farming in open field, since currently monitored organic vegetables were cultivated basically in greenhouse condition. It shows the organic farmer the necessity of transfer their farming site and condition from greenhouse to open field in order to decrease of its high level of nitrate caused long-term application and slow release characteristics of organic fertilizer. It was concluded the adoption of soil nitrate test to recommend a organic farmer the exact application rate for need of crop growth. Additionally the mechanism of lower nitrate accumulation in rice and fruit vegetables were also discussed in the paper.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 1998

Organic farming excludes any use of the herbicide. The present paper reviews what can be done for effective weed control with existing weed control technology by farmers crop-ping paddy rice, field crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. If condition of the crop-land-al-lows diversified rotational use of the paddy land as paddy and upland field would minimize weed problem. Practising this is limited in acreage due to extremely limited governmental investment to the land for the purpose. Secondly, rotation of crops in the upland field breaking life cycles of various weeds adapted to each crop should reduce the weed problem. This is also limited as only a few crops are making the farmer profitable. In addition climate and tolerance of crops to high and low temperature. Monsoon rains and poor drainage restrict the freedom of choice. For any crop land year-round multiple cropping in denser planting shall lessen the weed problem, this multiple cropping practiced by 1960s has been abandoned due to laborshortage and increased production cost. Deep flooding the rice is impractical at present in Korean. Mulching crop with transparent, black , or combinated polyethylene sheet, hs been in-creasingly used. Progresses in development and use of mulch with allelopathic crop residues. inexpensive paper mulch, allelopathic crop residues, inexpensive paper mulch, allelopathic crop cultivar development, recently developed ex-perimental weeding machinaries, flamers, microbial herbicides, biological control organisms, soil sterilization techniques have been critically reviewed for their adoption into existing in-tegrated weeding system. Unfortunately, information on cost-benifit, and labor-benefit, for the various methods above mentioned are lacking. Urgent need for the research on rational weeding in organic farming, and herbicide low-input farming is emphasized.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2012

This study was performed a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) among three rice production systems in order to analyze the difference of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and environment impacts. Its life cycle inventory (LCI) database (DB) was established using data obtained from interview with conventional, without agricultural chemical and organic farming at Gunsan and Iksan, Jeonbuk province in 2011. According to the result of LCI analysis, $CO_2$ was mostly emitted from fertilizer production process and rice cropping phase. $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ were almost emitted from rice cultivation phase. The value of carbon footprint to produce 1 kg rice (unhulled) on conventional rice production system was 1.01E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and it was the highest value among three rice production systems. The value of carbon footprints on without agricultural chemical and organic rice production systems were 5.37E-01 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and 6.58E-01 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Without agricultural chemical rice production system whose input amount was the smallest had the lowest value of carbon footprint. Although the yield of rice from organic farming was the lowest, its value of carbon footprint less than that of conventional farming. Because there is no compound fertilizer inputs in organic farming. Compound fertilizer production and methane emission during rice cultivation were the main factor to GHGs emission in conventional and without agricultural chemical rice production systems. In organic rice production system, the main factors to GHGs emission were using fossil fuel on machine operation and methane emission from rice paddy field.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.441-453
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• 2019

Organic farming is considered an effective form of sustainable agricultural management. However, understanding of soil microbial diversity and composition under long-term organic and conventional farming is still limited and controversial. In this study, the Illumina MiSeq platform was applied to investigate the responses of soil bacterial and fungal diversity and compositions to organic farming (OF) and improved conventional farming (CF, applied straw retention) in the rice-wheat rotation system. The results highlighted that the alpha diversity of microbial communities did not differ significantly, except for higher bacterial diversity under OF. However, there were significant differences in the compositions of the soil bacterial and fungal communities between organic and conventional farming. Under our experimental conditions, through the ecological functional analysis of significant different or unique bacterial and fungal taxonomic members at the phyla and genus level, OF enhanced nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and carbon dynamic cycling in soil with the presence of Nodosilinea, Nitrospira, LCP-6, HB118, Lyngbya, GOUTA19, Mesorhizobium, Sandaracinobacter, Syntrophobacter and Sphingosinicella, and has the potential to strengthen soil metabolic ability with Novosphingobium. On the other hand, CF increased the intensity of nitrogen cycling with Ardenscatena, KD1-23, Iamia, Nitrosovibrio and Devosia, but enriched several pathogen fungal members, including Coniochaeta, Corallomycetella, Cyclaneusma, Cystostereum, Fistulina, Curvularia and Dissoconium.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.135-138
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• 2011

In traditional organic rice culture practices, control of weeds is a big problem. This study was conducted to increase the rice production. Results showed that Plant height, SPAD, root length and weight were higher in pot raised seedling than broadcasting method except number of panicles. High plant density caused reduction in plant height, number of culm and chlorophyll content of the rice. No lodging was observed in both methods. Thickness of third internode and culm length was more in pot raised seedlings at both sites. When organic material was used rice yield increased by 3.81%. Higher rice production (10%) was recorded in the fields planted with pot raised seedlings. From the above study it could be conclude that the pot raised seedlings perform better than the seedlings raised by broadcasting methods.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2008

To develop a monitoring method for soil microbial communities in rice paddy fields, we used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) to compare soil bacterial community structure in rice paddy fields experiencing different management practices: organic practices, conventional practices without a winter barley rotation, and conventional practices with a winter barley rotation. Restriction fragment length profiles from soils farmed using organic practices showed very different patterns from those from conventional practices with and without barley rotation. In principal component analyses, restriction fragment profiles in organic practice samples were clearly separated from those in conventional practice samples, while principal component analysis did not show a clear separation for soils farmed using conventional practices with and without barley rotation. The cluster analysis showed that the bacterial species compositions of soils under organic practices were significantly different from those under conventional practices at the 95% level, but soils under conventional practice with and without barley rotation did not significantly differ. Although the loadings from principal component analyses and the Ribosomal DNA Project II databases suggested candidate species important for soils under organic farming practices, it was very difficult to get detailed bacterial species information from terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Rank-abundance diagrams and diversity indices showed that restriction fragment peaks under organic farming showed high Pielou's Evenness Index and the reciprocal of Simpson Index suggesting high bacterial diversity in organically farmed soils.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.251-266
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• 2006

This study was surveyed and analyzed in 2005 year for environmentally-friendly rice's production 78 farmers in korea. The major results was as follows: The average age of farmers were 54 years old, the experiences of environmentally-friendly rice's production farms was 7.4 years, the cultivated scales of environmentally-friendly rice's production was 3.4ha. The 74%'s Farmers of all unified rice's breeds for rice's production of high-grade in quality, the ranking of rice's breeds selection were the high-grade rice's breeds of government>japan rice's breeds. The control of damage by blight and insects were needed environmentally-friendly control, the endured study of this control were very important. To cut down cost of the environmentally-friendly rice for income security of farmers and sustenance of farming will. To receive reasonable price of environmentally-friendly rice, the brand image were raised to consumers, the variety and miniaturization of rice packaging unit were needed in view of consumers. In addition to must be campaigns of publicity through the press and event to consumers, were managed the exchange of rice goods and exchanged e-mail together consumers for the maintenance of confidence. To drive direct marketing between environmentally-friendly rice farmers and consumers through experiential marketing, to diversify the marketing channel. To strengthen public relations at regional level and relationship at the consumers.