• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권5호
• /
• pp.705-711
• /
• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (FVW), on organic eggs production, calcium utilization, antibody response, serum immunoglobulin, and serum cytokine concentration at early phase of production in laying hens. Methods: A total 210, 19 weeks old aged ISA Brown layers were randomly assigned into 5 equal treatment groups, with 7 replications of 6 hens each. Dietary treatment included a standard basal diet as control; antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin); 2% FVW; 4% FVW; and 6% FVW. The experimental duration was 10 weeks. Results: There was no significant differences (p>0.05) on hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among experimental groups. Unmarketable eggs were significantly lower (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than control group. The calcium retention and calcium in egg shell deposition were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW inclusion groups than control and antibiotic groups. Antibody titers against Newcastle diseases were significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW fed group (except combined with 4% FVW at day 147) and infectious bronchitis were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups (except 2% FVW and 4% FVW at day 161) than control and antibiotic groups. Serum immunoglobulin sIgA was significantly higher (p<0.05) in all levels of FVW and IgG was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 4% FVW than control and antibiotic groups. Serum cytokine concentration interleukin-2 (IL-2) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW; IL-6 and tumor necrotic $factor-{\alpha}$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW than control and antibiotic groups; IL-4 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in antibiotic, 2% FVW and 4% FVW fed groups than control. Conclusion: F. velutipes mushroom waste can be used as a novel substitute for antibiotic for organic egg production and sound health status in laying hens.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.175-184
• /
• 2002

복숭아 주산지역인 청도, 영덕, 영천지역 60개 과원을 대상으로 토양의 화학적 특성 및 엽중 양분함량을 조사하였다. 표토의 pH는 평균 4.8정도로 비교적 낮은 편이었고, 치환성 칼슘함량은 $3.66cmol^+kg^{-1}$, 석회 요구량은 $3,970kg\;ha^{-1}$정도였다. 산간지 토양이 평야지에 비해 석회요구량이 많았고 치환성 칼륨 및 마그네슘함량이 높았으며 양토에서 석회요구량이 가장 많았고 유효붕소함량은 양토와 사양토에서 높았다. 경작년수가 증가함에 따라 심토의 유기물함량, 표토와 심토의 칼슘함량이 증가하였고 심토의 유효인산 함량은 감소하였다. 복숭아 엽중 질소와 인산함량은 적정범위에 비해 높았고 칼슘함량은 적정범위에 비해 낮았으며 유명, 창방조생등의 품종이 천홍, 선광등 nectarine 계통에 비해 칼륨함량이 높았다. 토양 유기물함량과 식물체의 칼륨함량과 정의 상관, 칼슘함량과는 부의 상관이었고 치환성 마그네슘함량과 식물체의 칼슘함량과는 부의 상관, 마그네슘함량과는 정의 상관이었다. 따라서 경북지역 복숭아 과원은 토양산도의 교정, 퇴비, 질소 및 인산질 비료의 사용을 적절히 조절할 필요가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 하수슬러지 소각재에서 인을 회수하기 위한 최적 추출 조건을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 순환골재 잔재물 내에 존재하는 칼슘 성분을 이용하여 Ca-P 형태로 최적의 인 회수 조건을 결정하기 위한 실험을 진행하였다. 하수슬러지 소각재의 인 함량은 5 %로 확인되었다. $H_2SO_4$을 추출액으로 사용하였을 때, 1 N $H_2SO_4$의 농도와 L/S비 10, 그리고 추출시간 30분이 최적의 추출조건으로 조사되었다. 최적의 추출 조건을 이용하여 인을 추출한 다음 양이온교환수지 1 ~ 20 g 범위를 사용하여 인과 함께 용출된 중금속을 제거하였는데, 양이온교환수지 20 g에서 Fe 71.3 %, Cu 82.4 %, Zn 79.9 %, Cr 15 %가 제거되었다. 그 후 소각재 인 추출액과 순환골재 잔재물에서 얻은 칼슘 추출액의 혼합비율을 1:1, 1:5, 1:10으로 변화를 주었다. 1:5 혼합액에 5 N NaOH를 주입하여 pH를 2, 4, 8, 12로 조절한 후 인을 Ca-P 형태의 침전물로 회수하는 실험을 진행하였는데, 인이 Ca-P 형태로 침전되는 최적 pH는 8로 도출되었다. 순환골재 잔재물을 사용하였을 경우, 회수되는 침전물의 무게는 증가하였지만, 폐수 발생량이 증가하는 문제가 발생하였다. 따라서 순환골재 잔재물을 이용하는 것은 경제성이 낮다고 판단되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2016

Background: As the decomposition of lignocellulosic compounds is a rate-limiting stage in the nutrient mineralization from organic matters, elucidation of the changes in soil enzyme activity can provide insight into the nutrient dynamics and ecosystem functioning. The current study aimed to assess the effect of thinning intensities on soil conditions. Un-thinned control, 20 % thinning, and 30 % thinning treatments were applied to a Larix kaempferi forest, and total carbon and nitrogen, total carbon to total nitrogen ratio, extractable nutrients (inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium), and enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-xylosidase, ${\beta}$-glucosaminidase) were investigated. Results: Total carbon and nitrogen concentrations were significantly increased in the 30 % thinning treatment, whereas both the 20 and 30 % thinning treatments did not change total carbon to total nitrogen ratio. Inorganic nitrogen and extractable calcium and magnesium concentrations were significantly increased in the 20 % thinning treatment; however, no significant changes were found for extractable phosphorus and potassium concentrations either in the 20 or the 30 % thinning treatment. However, the applied thinning intensities had no significant influences on acid phosphatase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-xylosidase, and ${\beta}$-glucosaminidase activities. Conclusions: These results indicated that thinning can elevate soil organic matter quantity and nutrient availability, and different thinning intensities may affect extractable soil nutrients inconsistently. The results also demonstrated that such inconsistent patterns in extractable nutrient concentrations after thinning might not be fully explained by the shifts in the enzyme-mediated nutrient mineralization.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.115-119
• /
• 1968

1. 미개척상태인 간석지를 패류양식장으로 개척하기 위하여 4종의 패류 고밀도 양식지에 있어서 저질의 토성, 보수능, 수소이온농도, 치환성 칼슘, 그리고 유기물 함양에 관한 기초조사를 실시하였다. 2. 비쭉이, 동죽, 가무락, 그리고 바지락의 각 고밀도 서식지간에서는 토성에 차이가 있었다. 3. 보수능, 수소이온농도, 치환성 칼슘의 함양은 4종 패류의 각 고밀도 서식지간에 유의차가 없었다. 4. 유기물의 함량은 비쭉이와 가무락 서식지간을 제외한 다른 모든 서식지간에서 매우 유의한 차를 볼 수 있었다. 5. 본 조사 결과로서는 아직 판단키 어려우나 패류양식장의 적지선택에 간석지 토양의 토성과 유기물의 함량이 중요한 요인으로 생각된다.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 1991

본 고는 특정 흙에서의 가설 흙막이용 SCW의 미경화현상 원인을 실험적으로 규명하며 성공적으로 현장 시공한 사례를 소개하고자 한다. 시험은 현장 흙을 채취하여 현장 배합비와 변경된 배합비 및 특정약액의 추가에 따른 SCW의 강도특성 변화를 실내 측정하였다. 그 결과 SCW 미경화 현상의 원인은 현장의 유기질토에 기인된 것으로 나타났으며, 이에 대한 대책으로 염화칼슘 2% 첨가시 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 염화칼슘의 배합비르 4%, 6%로 증가시킨 경우에는 오히려 강도가 저하되는 특이한 현상을 나타내었다. 또한 pH가 13이 되도록 NaOH를 첨가한 경우에는 오히려 강도가 저하하였고, NaSiO$_2$를 첨가한 경우는 조기 강도는 어느 정도 발현된 반면, 장기 강도는 감소되는 현상을 보였다.

• 자원리싸이클링
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.28-35
• /
• 1997

조개껍질(굴, 고막)을 수처리재로 활용하기 위한 기초 실험으로 중금속(Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn)과 유기성분(TCE(Trichlo-roethylene)와 PCE(Tetrachroethylene))의 흡착능을 조사했다. 수산화칼슘으로 이루어진 굴과 고막껍질의 소성 분말 주입에 따른 중금속 제거효율은 Mn, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cu, Pb의 순이었다. 우수한 중금속 흡착능은 조개껍질의 $Ca(OH)_2$ 성분에 의한 높은 pH유지에 따른 중금속 탄산염과 수산화물의 형성에 의한 침전작용, 조개껍질의 칼슘 매트릭스 구조에 의한 중금속의 고정화와 잔존하는 불용성 유기물의 결합 등의 작용이라고 본다. 이와 같은 굴껍질은 침출수의 중화작용과 동시에 우수한 중금속 흡착능을 가지고 있어, 이것을 수처리로 활용될 경우, 저렴한 재료의 확보와 더욱이 부가가치가 높은 폐부산자원을 활용한 정화용 세라믹스 담체의 개발로 폐부산자원 폐기처리 문제 이외의 환경정화용 세라믹스 및 담체 등의 환경분야 사업으로 확장 발전시킬 수 있다고 본다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2015

Background: In Changbai Mountains, Panax ginseng (ginseng) was cultivated in a mixture of the humus and albic horizons of albic luvisol in a raised garden with plastic shade. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ginseng planting on soil characteristics. Methods: The mixed-bed soils were seasonally collected at intervals of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-15 cm for different-aged ginsengs. Soil physico-chemical characteristics were studied using general methods. Aluminum was extracted from the soil solids with $NH_4Cl $(exchangeable Al) and Na-pyrophosphate (organic Al) and was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: A remarkable decrease in the pH, concentrations of exchangeable calcium, $NH_4^+$, total organic carbon (TOC), and organic Al, as well as a pronounced increase in the bulk density were observed in the different-aged ginseng soils from one spring to the next. The decrease in pH in the ginseng soils was positively correlated with the $NH_4^+$ (r=0.463, p<0.01), exchangeable calcium (r=0.325, p<0.01) and TOC (r= 0.292, p < 0.05) concentrations. The $NO_3^-$ showed remarkable surface accumulation (0-5 cm) in the summer and even more in the autumn but declined considerably the next spring. The exchangeable Al fluctuated from $0.10mg\;g^{-1}$ to $0.50mg\;g^{-1}$ for dry soils, which was positively correlated with the $NO_3^-$ (r=0.401, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with the TOC (r=-0.329, p < 0.05). The Al saturation varied from 10% to 41% and was higher in the summer and autumn, especially in the 0-5 cmand 5-10 cm layers. Conclusion: Taken together, our study revealed a seasonal shift in soil characteristics in ginseng beds with plastic shade.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제48권5호
• /
• pp.492-498
• /
• 2015

The long-term changes in the soil properties are closely related to the policy direction and the national program for the soil management. In this study, chemical properties of paddy soils in Jeonnam province were investigated at four-year interval since 1999 and the factors affecting change of chemical properties were analyzed in relation to the soil management policies. Chemical fertilizers supplied to Jeonnam province reduced by 57% in 2013 as compared with 1999, and the ratio of Jeonnam province to the national fertilizer supply gradually decreased to 14.1% in 2013 from 17.6% in 1999 due to national policies to reduce use of chemical fertilizers in the 2000s. In the chemical analysis of paddy soils in Jeonnam province, pH value tended to increase gradually within the optimal range. Available phosphate and exchangeable potassium content were always higher than the optimal range and showed no significant difference since 1999. Organic matter, exchangeable calcium and available silicate content were found to be lower than average content in the whole country as well optimal range for rice cultivation in 1999, but were higher than average content in the whole country and optimal range in 2011 because of faster rate of increase in Jeonnam province than the other region since the mid-2000s. The cause of increase in organic matter, exchangeable calcium and available silicate contents is considered to be the increased use of green manure crops and by-products fertilizer as an alternatives for conventional application of chemical fertilizers and soil amendment such as silicate fertilizer for agronomic control of the disease and insect pest in rice cultivation of environmentally-friendly agriculture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권11호
• /
• pp.1624-1628
• /
• 2015

Rigorously standardized laboratory protocols are essential for meaningful comparison of data from multiple sites. Considering that interactions of minerals with organic matrices may vary depending on the material nature, there could be peculiar demands for each material with respect to digestion procedure. Acid digestion procedures were evaluated using different nitric to perchloric acid ratios and one- or two-step digestion to estimate the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc in samples of carcass, bone, excreta, concentrate, forage, and feces. Six procedures were evaluated: ratio of nitric to perchloric acid at 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 v/v in a one- or two-step digestion. There were no direct or interaction effects (p>0.01) of nitric to perchloric acid ratio or number of digestion steps on magnesium and zinc contents. Calcium and phosphorus contents presented a significant (p<0.01) interaction between sample type and nitric to perchloric acid ratio. Digestion solution of 2:1 v/v provided greater (p<0.01) recovery of calcium and phosphorus from bone samples than 3:1 and 4:1 v/v ratio. Different acid ratios did not affect (p>0.01) calcium or phosphorus contents in carcass, excreta, concentrate, forage, and feces. Number of digestion steps did not affect mineral content (p>0.01). Estimated concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc in carcass, excreta, concentrated, forage, and feces samples can be performed using digestion solution of nitric to perchloric acid 4:1 v/v in a one-step digestion. However, samples of bones demand a stronger digestion solution to analyze the mineral contents, which is represented by an increased proportion of perchloric acid, being recommended a digestion solution of nitric to perchloric acid 2:1 v/v in a one-step digestion.