• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.169-174
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• 2004

This study was carried out to find out specific proteins from different organs of Clonorchis sinensis. Crude extract, organ-specific and excretory-secretory (ES) proteins were analyzed by immunoblot with infected human sera. The bands of 7- and 17 -kDa were main component of intestinal fluid and ES protein and commonly found in all organ-specific proteins. The 17-kDa protein was observed from ES antigen, intestinal fluid, eggs and sperms, 26- and 28-kDa proteins were from the uterus, vitellaria, and ovary, and 34-, 37-, 43- and 50-kDa proteins were mainly from the testis and sperms. Serum of mice immunized with sperms reacted to the 50-kDa protein by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining showed a positive reaction at the seminal receptacle and seminiferous tubule. The present results show that the 7-kDa protein is a common antigen of every part or organ of C. sinensis, but different organs express their specific antigenic protein bands.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.203-208
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• 2014

Bone marrow is a hematological and immunological organ that provides multiple immune cells, including B lymphocytes, and thus plays a critical role in the efficacy of vaccine. We previously demonstrated that Bordetella (B.) bronchiseptica antigen has high immunogenicity in spleen cells, a peripheral immune organ. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity of B. bronchiseptica antigen in bone marrow cells, a central immune organ. B. bronchiseptica antigen increased the cellular activity of bone marrow cells and significantly enhanced the production of nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$. Bone marrow cells primed with B. bronchiseptica antigen in vivo were harvested and stimulated with the same antigen in vitro. The stimulation of B. bronchiseptica antigen significantly increased the cellular activity and proliferation rate of the primed cells. B. bronchiseptica antigen also greatly induced the production of antigen-specific antibody in the primed cells. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that B. bronchiseptica antigen can stimulate bone marrow cells, a central immune organ, and recall the immune response of the primed bone marrow cells.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.197-208
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• 2005

Although little information is available on the underlying mechanisms, various genetic factors have been associated with tissue-specific responses to radiation. In the present study, we explored the possibility whether organ specific gene expression is associated with radiosensitivity using samples from brain, lung and spleen. We examined intrinsic expression pattern of 23 genes in the organs by semi-quantitative RT-PCR method using both male and female C57BL/6 mice. Expression of p53 and p21, well known factors for governing sensitivity to radiation or chemotherapeutic agents, was not different among the organ types. Both higher expression of sialyltransferase, delta7-sterol reductase, leptin receptor splice variant form 12.1, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lower expression of alphaB crystalline were specific for spleen tissue. Expression level of glutathione peroxidase and APO-1 cell surface antigen gene in lung tissue was high, while that of Na, K-ATPase alpha-subunit, Cu/ZnSOD, and cyclin G was low. Brain, radioresistant organ, showed higher expressions of Na, K-ATPase-subunit, cyclin G, and nucleolar protein hNop56 and lower expression of delta7-sterol reductase. The result revealed a potential correlation between gene expression patterns and organ sensitivity, and Identified genes which might be responsible for organ sensitivity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4 s.55
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• pp.349-355
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• 2006

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DXM) has been widely used as a nonopioid antitussive drug with low toxicity and low potential for drug dependency. DXM is a psychotropic drug since 2003 in our country. This study was performed to investigate the immunotoxicity induced by abuse of DXM. Mice were orally exposed to DXM dissolved in saline as concentration of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg b.w. before (day-2) or after (day+2) immunization (OVA-antigen, day 0). Thereafter, we measured the increased rate of body weight, relative weight of organ (thymus, spleen, liver, kidney) and OVA-specific IgM level in sera. In addition, mouse splenocytes were exposed to various concentration of DXM $(0.001{\sim}100{\mu}M)$ and cultured with B cell mitogen (LPS) and splenocytes proliferations (SP) were measured by MTT-assay. Thymus-weight were slightly changed on day 9 after administration of DXM, but body-, spleen-, liver-, and kidney-weight were not different between control group and DXM-treated group. SP to LPS were significantly decreased at high concentration $(100{\mu}M)$ when compared with controls. When DXM was administered before or after immunization with OVA-antigen, OVA-specific IgM levels were significantly lowered in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that DXM nay depress the primary humoral immune response to the initial antigenic challenge.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.187-193
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• 2020

Objectives: It was aimed to investigate the basic action mechanism of the autoimmune diseases and common features of all diseases. Autoimmune disease are classified organ specific and systemic. Methods: These diseases are seen systemic and disease start locations, origins seem differently. This makes learning and understanding difficult. Autoimmune diseases investigated for easier understanding. It was noticed that, autoimmune diseases' starting places are specific and same all of them. This remarkable point is very important for acupuncture also. So; whole literatüre was researched and important point was found. Results: Whole autoimmune diseases are attack to mesodermal layers and mesodermal origin organs of the body's. The common property of all these disease are same; Diseases start from the mesoderm and mesodermal layer even though their organ origins' belongs to different germ layer. From this point of view, we were able to classify autoimmune diseases simply and it was planned how can we effect body in this context with acupuncture. Conclusion: And, when immunity comes into question, induction of adaptive immunity is depend on antigen presentation to T cells and this situation take place in the lymph node (LN) and also in the skin.When we sank the acupuncture needle into skin, signals create and start mesodermal contacts, during this time mesenchymal origin' autoimmune cells are regulated with this signals.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.433-440
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• 2013

Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by larvae of ascarid nematodes of dogs or cats, Toxocara canis or T. cati. Diagnosis of human toxocariasis currently relies on serology that uses T. canis excretory-secretory antigen to detect specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. We investigated the serodiagnostic efficacy of ELISA using crude antigen of T. canis larvae (TCLA). Serum specimens of 64 clinically confirmed toxocariasis, 115 healthy controls, and 119 other tissue-invading helminthiases were screened by ELISA using TCLA. The ELISA using TCLA showed 92.2% (59/64 patient samples) sensitivity and 86.6% (103/119) specificity. Its positive diagnostic predictivity was 78.7% and negative predictivity was 97.8%. No serum of healthy controls reacted but that of anisakiasis (45.5%), gnathostomiasis (19.2%), clonorchiasis (15.8%), sparganosis (11.1%), and cysticercosis (6.3%) cross-reacted. Immunoblot analysis on TCLA recognized antigenic proteins of 28- and 30-kDa bands in their dominant protein quantity and strong blotting reactivity. The present results indicate that the ELISA using our TCLA antigen is acceptable by the sensitivity and specificity for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. ELISA with TCLA is recommended to make differential diagnosis for patients with any sign of organ infiltration and eosinophilia.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2005

Objective : Dear antler (Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe) used for traditional immunosuppressive and immuno-activating action. The effect of deer antler herbal-acupuncture(DAH) solution, prepared by water extract method, on cathepsin activities in bone tissues (cartilage and synovial) cells from mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model was studied. The cysteine endoprotease cathepsin mediates degradation of the MHC class II invariant chain (Ii) in human and mouse antigen-presenting cells. The studies described here examine the functional significance of cathepsin inhibition on autoantigen presentation and organ-specific autoimmune diseases in a murine model for RA. Methods : An animal model for RA in BALB/c mice thymectomized 3 days after birth (3d-Tx) was constructed All 3d-Tx BALB/c mice developed autoimmune lesions in the bone tissue cells, starting at 3 weeks of age, and the disease mediated by CD4+ T cells was chronic and progressive. Significant inhibitory effects of DAH solution on cathepsin S and L were observed in each organ in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we confirmed that cathepsin S and L activity in each organ were clearly inhibited by DAB solution. When we examined the inhibitory effects of DAH solution against autoantigen-specific T cell responses in vitro, in regional lymph node cells, but not in spleens, from model mice, a significant inhibitory effect of DAB solution was observed in a dose-dependent manner. DAH solution do not block T cell proliferation to Con A, indicated that the dose of DAB solution 10 to $20\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ was sufficient to inactivate the autoantigen-specific T cell responses in vitro. In vivo therapeutic effects of DAB solution were examined in a murine model for RA, autoantigen-specific (C-II-specific) T cell response were significantly inhibited in LNCs from DAH solution-treated mice. Results : Iinhibition of cathepsin S and L in vivo alters autoantigen presentation and development of organ-specific autoimmunity in RA model. Conclusion : These data identify selective inhibition of cysteine protease cathepsin S and L as a potential therapeutic strategy for autoimmune disease process such RA. Thus, DAH solution will served as a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agents for treatment of human RA.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.37.1-37.16
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• 2022

Autoimmune diseases are caused by a dysfunction of the acquired immune system. In a subset of autoimmune diseases, B cells escaping immune tolerance present autoantigen and produce cytokines and/or autoantibodies, resulting in systemic or organ-specific autoimmunity. Therefore, B cell depletion with monoclonal Abs targeting B cell lineage markers is standard care therapy for several B cell-mediated autoimmune disorders. In the last 5 years, genetically-engineered cellular immunotherapies targeting B cells have shown superior efficacy and long-term remission of B cell malignancies compared to historical clinical outcomes using B cell depletion with monoclonal Ab therapies. This has raised interest in understanding whether similar durable remission could be achieved with use of genetically-engineered cell therapies for autoimmunity. This review will focus on current human clinical trials using engineered cell therapies for B cell-associated autoimmune diseases.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.420-426
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• 1999

We examined the immune response in flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, with immunization of formalin killed Edwardsiella tarda as an antigen. The ELISPOT-assay (enzyme-linked immunospot assay) was optimized technically and applied to count the number of total and specific antibody secreting cells (TASC and SASC) in lymphocytes of different lymphatic organs. Incubation of lymphocytes on 96 well plate for more than 2.5hrs came out enough time in ELISPOT-assay for counting the antibody secreting cells in the anterior kidney and spleen. However, too much of plate-coated antigen or rabbit anti-flounder immunoglobulin for SASC or TASC counting, respectively, was appeared to decrease the sensitivity of the assay system. Specificity of the system was also confirmed by the absence of TASC in lymphocytes treated with cycloheximide to prevent protein synthesis. The peak numbers of SASC appeared at wk 3 post immunization after that there was a sharp decrease and reached to almost zero at wk 7. In the spleen and kidney, the timing and numbers of SASC on peak response were concurrent without preferential organ distribution. The specific antibody level in the sera increased rapidly between wk 2 and 3 after immunization, i.e. like the specific cellular response found with ELISPOT-assay on that period, However, the remained high level of specific serum antibody from wk 5 after immunization until the end of experiment was clearly distinguishable from the kinetics of SASC response decreased sharply.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2011

This study was performed to evaluate the toxicity of polysaccharide-based Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF), Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. S. pneumoniae vaccine was administrated subcutaneously each dose level of high (560 ${\mu}g$/rat), medium (280 ${\mu}g$/rat) and low (140 ${\mu}g$/rat) on days 0, 14, 28. The rats were observed for 2 weeks or 4 weeks after the final injection. During this test, there were no significant dose-dependent changes in body weight, water and food consumption. In urinalysis and serum chemistry, dose-related changes were not detected. In hematology, the percent of neutrophils and lymphocytes in white blood cells were changed significantly. According to the measurement of organ weight, only spleen weight was significantly increased in all groups of administration compared to the control group. In the histopathological examination, an antigen-deposit, vacuolated macrophages, infiltrated inflammatory cells and a formation of granulation tissue were observed at the site of an administration. These results are considered as an outcome by immune responses through a vaccination. Consequently, the results of this study demonstrated that S. pneumoniae vaccine has no toxicity when it was administrated subcutaneously three times in 2-week interval at a high dose of 560 ${\mu}g$/rat.