• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2011

Dental extraction is potentially stress-inducing in many disabled patient. The body's response to dental stress involves the cardiovascular system(an increase in cardiovascular workload), the respiratory organ and the endocrine system(change in metabolism). To minimize the stress, the stress reduction method was established. The obtained contents were as follows: (1) Recognize the patient's degree of medical risk, (2) Complete medical consultation before dental therapy, (3) Schedule the patient's appointment in the morning, (4) Monitor and record preoperative and postoperative vital signs, (5) Use psychosedation during therapy, (6) Use adequate pain control during therapy, (7) Short length of appointment : do not exceed the patient's limits of tolerance, (8) Follow up with postoperative pain/anxiety control, (9) Telephone the risk patient later on the same day that treatment was given. Though the stress reduction method above was applied to the dental extraction in disabled patients with the advanced infected teeth, the complications(syncope, shock, bleeding & infection, etc.) may be occurred. For prevention of complications associated with the extraction, the authors treated the advanced infected teeth with endodontic drainage and incision & drainage before extraction. The final extraction and wound closure were then done after about 3 weeks.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2013

The acute and subacute hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of drinkable ripe onion juice (Commercial product name is "Black Onion Extract") were investigated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. For tests of acute and subacute hypoglycemic effects, ripe onion juice (5 and 15 mL/kg b.w.) was administered by oral gavage to normal Sprague Dawley rats and measurements of fasting glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Tolbutamide was used as a reference drug at a single oral dose of 250 mg/kg b.w. To test anti-hyperglycemic activity, the ripe onion juice was administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by oral gavage at single dose of 15 mL/kg b.w. per day for 7 consecutive days. Oral administration of the ripe onion juice at either dosed level of 5 or 15 mL/kg b.w. showed no remarkable acute hypoglycemic effect in normal rats. The two dosed levels caused a relatively small reduction, only 18% and 12% (5 and 15 mL/kg b.w., respectively) decrease in glucose levels at 2 h after glucose loading in normal rats. However, at 3 h after glucose loading, blood glucose levels in the ripe onion juice-dosed rats were decreased to the corresponding blood glucose level in tolbutamide-dosed rats. Although showing weak hypoglycemic potential compared to that of tolbutamide, oral administration of ripe onion juice (15 mL/kg b.w.) for a short period (8 days) resulted in a slight reduction in the blood glucose levels that had elevated in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In conclusion, these results suggest that the commercial product "Black Onion Extract" may possess antihyperglycemic potential in diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.207-214
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• 2019

Objectives: Medically compromised patients often fear required dental surgical procedures that can increase the risk of medical emergency when combined with reduced tolerance for stress. A stress reduction protocol (SRP) helps doctors minimize treatment-related stress and improves patient management with minimum complications. Diabetes and co-morbid hypertension carry 4-fold risk of aggravation of cardiovascular emergencies and 7.2-fold risk of mortality. Diabetic neuropathy can result in difficult diagnosis of myocardial infarction and reduces chances of surviving a myocardial infarction compared with a non-diabetic person. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of a protocol for management of patients having both diabetes and hypertension who required minor oral surgery to minimize the rate of cardiovascular emergencies. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 140 patients having both diabetes and hypertension who required minor oral surgical procedures. A systematic approachable protocol was designed for management of such patients. Results: Among 140 patients, 6 patients (4.3%) had cardiovascular complications, while 3 patients (1 with syncope and 2 with hypertension) did not require any intervention other than observation. Two patients were managed with aspirin and nitroglycerin, and 1 patient had possible myocardial infarction (overall incidence 0.7%) with chest pain, S-T segment elevation on electrocardiogram, and troponin level of 0.60 ng/mL. Conclusion: The proposed protocol helps to improve management of patients having both diabetes and hypertension. We recommend that patients with uncontrolled diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension and/or patients having history of cardiovascular complication should be treated in a medical facility with a readily available cardiology unit. This facilitates prompt response to emergency and instant implementation of treatment, helping to reduce morbidity and mortality.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.125-137
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• 2003

The use of screw-retaind prosthesis on an osseointegrated implant is a popular treatment modality offering relative ease in the removal of the restoration. One of the complications associated with this modality is the loosening of the abutment and coping screws. Loosening of the screws results in patient dissatisfaction, frustration to the dentist and, if left untreated, component fracture. There are several factors which contribute to the loosening of implant components which can be controlled by the restorative dentist and lab technician. This article offers pratical solutions to minimize this clinical problem and describes the factors involved in maintaining a stable screw joint assembly. To avoid joint failure, adherence to specific clinical, as well as mechanical, parameters is critical. With respect to hardware, optimal tolerance and fit, minimal rotational play, best physical properties, a predictable interface, and optimal torque application are mandatory. In the clinical arena, optimal implant distribution; load in line with implant axis; optimal number, diameter, and length of implants; elimination of cantilevers; optimal prosthesis fit; and occlusal load control are equally important.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.32.1-32.20
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• 2022

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. The pathology of these exocrine glands is characterized by periductal focal lymphocytic infiltrates, and both T cell-mediated tissue injury and autoantibodies that interfere with the secretion process underlie glandular hypofunction. In addition to these adaptive mechanisms, multiple innate immune pathways are dysregulated, particularly in the salivary gland epithelium. Our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of SS has substantially improved during the past decade. In contrast to viral infection, bacterial infection has never been considered in the pathogenesis of SS. In this review, oral dysbiosis associated with SS and evidence for bacterial infection of the salivary glands in SS were reviewed. In addition, the potential contributions of bacterial infection to innate activation of ductal epithelial cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells and to the breach of tolerance via bystander activation of autoreactive T cells and molecular mimicry were discussed. The added roles of bacteria may extend our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for this autoimmune exocrinopathy.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.164-169
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• 2009

Objectives : Administration methods of antibiotics implements a variety for indications and diseases. Therefore, it is impossible to produce a single guideline. Many antibiotics have been prescribed without specific index, by practicians for a long period of time. In general dental practice and oral and maxillofacial surgical practice, there is not a guidelines for antibiotics. Therefore, there is a dependency on pre-existent methods rather than following an exact guideline. Consequently, a controversy was issued that prescription of antibiotics tend to be misused or abused. And it is also direct relation to the tolerance of antibiotics as well. Moving forward, in this review we will be analyzing the exact usage and indication of antibiotics in dental treatment. Materials and Methods : 29 published articles of both domestic and international were researched through Pubmed and Kormed, and the review from these articles were performed accordingly. We examined the administration of antibiotics through the objective usage, that classified prophylactic and therapeutic. Results : For therapeutic usage, empirical prescription is mandatory for the first step. Next is to moderate the empirical prescription depending upon the result of its culture. Administration of antibiotics must be kept for 2days after the symptoms disappear. For a prophylactic use, we can generally pr escribe antibiotics to prevent local infection or systemic infection. Although the method of prescription and neccessity of antibiotics to prevent local in fection are controversial, exact guidelines of antibiotics to prevent systemic infection are established by AHA. Conclusion : Most crucial concept for prescript antibiotics is to determine if it is adequately suitable for all circumstances. In this decision making, a guideline for prescription of antibiotics in various dental surgical practice is necessary. This guideline can reduce the misusage and disusage of a ntibiotics in general dental practices and oral and maxillofacial surgical practices.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2013

Advantage of saliva analysis are the ease of sample collection and that samples can be collected more frequently with much less stress on the patient. The objective of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the concentrations of saliva and fasting serum glucose in both normal and diabetic subjects. The mean salivary glucose level in diabetic patients was $15.66{\pm}17.1$ mg/dl and $1.78{\pm}1.72$ mg/dl (P = 0.0006) in the control group. The mean fasting serum glucose level in diabetic patients was $202.12{\pm}66.91$ mg/dl, while that in the control group was $94.21{\pm}14.97$ mg/dl (P < 0.0001). The 0.95 degree of correlation between salivary and fasting serum glucose could be demonstrated. The concentration of salivary and fasting serum glucose was not significant different betweeen the measurements for male and female. In the oral glucose tolerance test (75g), the glucose concentration in saliva progressively increased during the first 30 minutes of the test and then progressively decreased, reaching at minutes 120 ~ 180 lowest point as like fasting serum glucose concentration. We can conclude that salivary glucose concentration was significantly higher in the diabetic subjects and that there was significant correlation between salivary and fasting serum glucose concentration. Measurement of salivary glucose could be a useful test having good correlation between salivary and fasting serum glucose concentration.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.428-438
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• 2014

Objectives: Obesity is an important cause of insulin resistance that leads to obese type 2 diabetes. Recently it has been found that obesity is associated with adipose tissue accumulation which causes systemic inflammation. In this study, we investigated effects of Inula helenium on the inflammation in high fat diet-induced insulin resistance mouse. Methods: Insulin resistance was induced in C57BL/6 male mice (19~21 g) on a 60% fat diet. Mice were divided into 3 groups (n=6) of normal, control and Inula helenium. After 12 weeks, body weight, FBS, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum level of insulin, epididymal fat pad, liver weight and the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-10 and cluster of differentiation (CD) 68 were measured. Also, adipose tissue macrophage was analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Results: Inula helenium significantly reduces oral glucose tolerance levels, insulin serum level and adipose tissue macrophage. Also Inula helenium increased IL-10 gene expression and decreased CD68 gene expression. Conclusions: These results show that Inula helenium has anti-insulin resistance and anti-inflammatory effects on a high fat diet-induced insulin resistance mouse model.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.751-763
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• 2018

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate how magnolia bark extract affects ob/ob mouse in terms of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Methods: Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were divided into 2 groups (n=5): a normal saline treatment (=control) and magnolia bark treatment. Wild type mice were the lean group (n=5). After 5 weeks, we measured fasting blood sugar (FBS) and conducted oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in each group. After 6 weeks, we measured body weight, epididymal fat pad weight, liver weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interferon-${\gamma}$, and interleukin-6. We characterized the phenotype of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and analyzed fractions of the phenotype in each group by flow cytometry. Results: In the magnolia bark group, fasting blood sugar, oral glucose tolerance levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly decreased. The population and proportion of ATMs among leukocytes in adipose tissue were significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. The population and proportion of M1 type ATMs among ATMs were significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ was significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. Conclusions: These results support a positive effect of magnolia bark on metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and metabolic inflammation in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.12-19
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was done out to evaluate the effects of Sida rhombifolia methanol extract (SRM) on diabetes in moderately diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic (SD) Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: SRM was prepared by soaking the powdered plant material in 70% methanol and rota evaporating the methanol from the extract. Effective hypoglycemic doses were established by performing oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in normal rats. Hourly effects of SRM on glucose were observed in the MD and the SD rats. Rats were grouped, five rats to a group, into normal control 1 (NC1), MD control 1 (MDC1), MD experimental 1 (MDE1), SD control 1 (SDC1), and SD experimental 1 (SDE1) groups. All rats in the control groups were administered 1 mL of distilled water (DW). The rats in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups were administered SRM orally at 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, dissolved in 1 mL of DW. Blood was collected initially and at intervals of 1 hour for 6 hours to measure blood glucose. A similar experimental design was followed for the 30-day long-term trial. Finally, rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected to measure blood glucose, lipid profiles, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: OGTTs indicated that two doses (200 and 300 mg/kg BW) were effective hypoglycemic doses in normal rats. Both doses reduced glucose levels after 1 hour in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups. A long-term trial of SRM in the MD group showed a reduced glucose level, a normal lipid profile, and normal GSH and TBARS levels. In SD rats, SRM had no statistically significant effects on these parameters. Normal weight was achieved in the MD rats, but the SD rats showed reduced BW. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that SRM has potential to alleviate the conditions of moderate diabetic, but not severe diabetes.