• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.185-196
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• 1988

The inflence of hydrophilic vehicles on percutaneous absorption rate of griseofulvin was studied using intact skin of full thickness of hairless rat. The in vitro absorption rates were used as the characteristics for deciding the optimum formula of ointment vehicles. The optimum formula of vehicle compositions for maximum absorption rate was obtained from the polynomial regression equation and the two graphical techniques, contour graph and partial derivative graph. It was composed of sodium lauryl sulfate (1.65 W /W%), white petrolatum (16.5 W /W%), propylene glycol (12.0 W /W%), and stearyl alcohol (19.6W /W%). The experimental value obtained from the optimum formula and the prediction value were 33.99 and 33.87 ${\mu}g/\sqrt{min}$, respectively. From these results, it was believed that optimum formula for semisolid dosage forms could be obtained from the application of the optimization technique used in this study.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 1990

Soybean fatty acid, the largest byproduct in the production of soybean oil, was formulated for hand cream, oil in water emulsion base, to improve the suppleness and elasticity of skin. The stability of emulsion observed by a macroscopic method was used as a characteristic index for deciding an optimum formula of hand creams. The optimum formula of the most stable hand cream was obtained from polynomial regression equation, contour graphs and partial derivative graphs. The values of soybean fatty acid and stearyl alcohol in the obtained optimum formula were 9.75 and 14.75 w/w%, respectively, and sodium lauryl sulfate was not needed. Experimental value for the stability of hand cream prepared according to the optimum formula was 76,14 days, and the prediction value by computation method was 73.25 days. From the results of accelerated tests by elevated temperature, the stability of hand cream by optimum formula was 1.7 year at room temperature $(25^{\circ}C)$. The hand cream containing soybean fatty acid was found to be free of primary irritant substance to the skin by Draize technique.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.108-122
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• 1996

This study was to introduced estimation model for optimum probabilistic rainfall intensity on hydrological area. Originally, probabilistic rainfall intensity formula have been characterized different coefficient of formula and model following watersheds. But recently in korea rainfall intensity formula does not use unionize applyment standard between administration and district. And mingle use planning formula with not assumption model. Following the number of year hydrological duration adjust areal index. But, with adjusting formula applyment was without systematic conduct. This study perceive the point as following : 1) Use method of excess probability of Iwai to calculate survey rainfall intensity value. 2) And, use method of least squares to calculate areal coefficient for a unit of 157 rain gauge station. And, use areal coefficient was introduced new probabilistic rainfall intensity formula for each rain gauge station. 3) And, use new probabilistic rainfall intensity formula to adjust a unit of fourteen duration-a unit of fifteen year probabilistic rainfall intensity. 4) The above survey value compared with adjustment value. And use three theory of error(absolute mean error, squares mean error, relative error ratio) to choice optimum probabilistic rainfall intensity formula for a unit of 157 rain gauge station.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1993

The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel containing 1-methy-2-pymolidinone (MP) and sorbitol was preapred by the freeze and thaw method. The release rate of indomethacin from PVA hydrogel was used as a criterion for deciding the optimum formula of hydrogel using the computer optimization technique. The hydrogel of optimum formula was composed of PVA (10 w/v%), MP (0 w/v%) and sorbitol (40 w/v%) and the release rate of indomethacin was 1.981$\mu$g/ml$\cdot{min}^{1/2}$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1490-1495
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• 2006

The purpose of this research was to develop an optimum composition model for a new synbiotic fermented dairy product with high probiotic cell counts, and to experimentally verify this model. The optimum composition model indicated the growth promoter ratio that could provide the highest growth rate for probiotics in this fermented product. Different levels of growth promoters were first blended with milk to improve the growth rates of probiotics, and the optimum composition model was determined. The probiotic viabilities and chemical properties were analyzed for the samples made using the optimal formula. The optimal combination of the growth promoters for the synbiotic fermented milk product was 1.12% peptides, 3% fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and 1.87% isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO). A product manufactured according to the formula of the optimum model was analyzed, showing that the model was effective in improving the viability of both Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.121-145
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• 2014

The story shear force distributions of most seismic design codes generally reflect the influences of higher vibration modes based on the elastic deformations of structures. However, as the seismic design allows for the plastic behavior of a structure, the story shear force distribution shall be effective after it is yielded due to earthquake excitation. Hence this study conducted numerical analyses on the story shear force distributions of most seismic design codes to find out the characteristics of how a structure is damaged between stories. Analysis results show that the more forces are distributed onto high stories, the lower its concentration is and the more energy is absorbed. From the results, this study proposes the optimum story shear force distribution and its calculation formula that make the damages uniformly distributed onto whole stories. Consequently, the story damage distribution from the optimum calculation formula was considerably more stable than existing seismic design codes.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1991

Dissolution profiles of ketoconazole in solid dispersion system (SDS) were investigated in the second fluid (pH 6.8) for the dissolution test (KPV). PVP K-30 and methyl cellulose were used as carriers in SDS, and chloroform as a solvent. Computer optimization technique was applied to obtain an optimum formula of SDS, and the following results were obtained; 1) Dissolution rate of ketoconazole in SDS was larger than that of pure ketoconazole in the second fluid of pH 6.8. 2) PVP K-30 and methyl cellulosr were good carriers for SDS of ketoconazole. Moerover PVP K-30 was better than methyl cellulose. 3) The optimum formula of ketoconazole SDS obtained from computer optimization technique was chloroform 175 ml, PVP K-30 5g and methyl cellulose 0.2g per 1g of ketoconazole. 4) The experimental value of $A_{60}$ (Amount released from ketoconazole tablet during 60 minutes) obtained from SDS by optimum formula agreed well with the value calculated by polynomial regression equation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 1996

There are a wide variety of semi-solid ointments used for healing the skin diseases, whose therapeutic and skin penetration abililties may greatly differ from one another depending on the compositions of ointment vehicles. A computer optimization technique was applied to obtain the optimum formula of o/w type ointment giving the in vitro maximum absorption rate through hairless rat skin membrane. Some of the formulations were selected to find out a relationship between skin penetration of ointment and its Theological characteristics. The experimental value of absorption rate obtained from the ointment by optimum formula agreed well with the theoretical value obtained from a polynomial regression analysis, Three kinds of ointments selected among 15 formulations were obtained with a concentric cylinder type rheometer (Model; Rheolab SM-HM Physica, Germany) at 20, 30, 40 and $50^{\circ}C$ for rheograms of rhelolgical properties of o/w type ointments. As the temperature was raised, all products showed a decrease in both shear stress and yield values. The higher skin penetration, the lower shear stress showed.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2005

The author derives a general explicit formula and presents an heuristic algorithm for solving Baker’s model. The examples show that this new approximate solution procedure for determining near optimum inspection intervals is more accurate than the ones suggested by Chung (1993) and Vaurio (1994), and is more efficient computationally than the one suggested by Hariga (1996). The construction and solution of the simplest profit model for an exponential failure distribution were presented in Baker (1990), and approximate analytical results were obtained by Chung (1993) and Vaurio (1994). The author will therefore mainly devote the following discussion to the problem of further approximating optimum inspection intervals.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2001

The optimum cross-sectional area profile of gas-cooled high-temperature superconductor(HTS) current lead is analyzed to have minimum helium boil-off rate. The conventional constant area HTS lead has much higher helium consumption than the optimum HTS lead considered in this study. The optimum HTS lead has variable cross-sectional area to have constant satiety factor. An analytical formula of optimum shape of lead and temperature profile are obtained. For multi-stacking HTS current leads, the optimum tape lengths and minimum heat dissipation rate are also formulated. The developed formulations are applied to the Bi-2223 material, and the differences between constant area, constant safety-factor, and multi-stacking current leads are discussed.