• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2006

Today's requirements for print-press runnability and print quality demand an optimised absorption and adhesion of printing ink on the paper surface. Modern coating concepts for high glossing offset grades use ultra fine pigments, whereas binder level has continuously been decreased to a minimum in recent years to achieve the highest possible sheet gloss development and for economical reasons. Both the ultra fine pigments and the reduced binder levels lead in many cases to a faster ink setting rate. On the other hand, matt paper grades use relatively coarse pigments leading to a slow ink setting compared to the high glossing papers. Both too fast and too slow ink setting properties implicate drawbacks in print quality and print press runnability. The mechanisms behind the interactions between ink and coating have been presented in many previous publications. The purpose of this study was to determine and quantify how the ink setting rate is influenced by pigment system (GCC and GCC/clay blends), latex level and latex properties in the topcoat of double coated sheet fed offset paper. The roles of binder level and type in the precoat were also assessed. The effect of calendering (temperature and pressure) was studied with one formulation. The resulting ink setting characteristics were tested using three different laboratory testing instruments. The correlation amongst the different laboratory testing methods is discussed. The results show that by varying the latex properties, the pigment system and/or latex addition level, the ink tack development of ink applied to a topcoat pigment system can be significantly influenced. It can be slowed down as often desired with ultra fine pigments or speeded up in the case of coarse pigments. There was no visible effect on the ink setting rate by using different binder systems in the precoat..

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2016

The effect of initial electrolyte loading (IEL) on cell performance in a coin-type molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) was investigated in this work. Since the material of MCFC depends on the manufacturer, optimisation requires experimental investigation. In total, four IEL values, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 g, were used, corresponding to a pore filling ratio (PFR) of 38, 51, 77, and 102%, respectively. The cell performance with respect to the PFR was analysed via steady-state polarisation, step-chronopotentiomtery, and impedance methods. The electrochemical analyses revealed that internal resistance and overpotential of the cell decreased with increasing PFR, and a large overpotential was observed when the PFR was 102%, probably due to the flooding phenomenon. After operation, cross-section of the cell was analysed via surface analysis of SEM and EDS methods, and the remaining electrolyte was estimated by dissolution of the cell in 10 wt% acetic acid. A linear relationship between IEL and the weight reduction ratio by dissolution was obtained. Thus, the remaining amount of electrolyte could be measured after operation. The results of SEM and EDS showed that a PFR of 38 and 102% showed a lack and flooding of electrolytes at the cell, respectively, which led to a large overpotential. This work reports that MCFC performance is allowed only in the narrow range of PFR.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.67-71
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• 1990

본 논문에서는 신뢰도(reliability)에 제한조건을 두어, 부유식 해양구조물의 주요 부재인 보강된 실린서의 최적설계를 다루었다. 기대되는 총비용을 목적함수로 하여 최소화하였다. 그 총비용은 구조적 비용과 파괴로 인해 예상되는 비용(expected failure cost)으로 구성된다. 여러 설계규정에서 요구하는 설계 요구사항을 역시 제한조건으로서 고려하였다. 본 논문에서는 안전성 측면에서 중요한 구조부재만의 신뢰도를 고려하였고, 시스템의 파괴확율은 일반적으로 부재의 파괴확율보다 상당히 작고 또한 시스템 파괴에 의한 비용을 추정하는 것은 매우 어려우므로 시스템의 파괴는 고려하지 않았다. 또한 파괴모드로써 최종파괴만을 다루었고 피로파괴는 고려하지 않았다. 몇가지 최적설계의 예를 본 논문의 결과로서 보여 주었으며 또한 동일한 구조부재의 설계공식에 따른 최적설계를 비교하기 위해 보강된 실린더의 설계시 현재 사용하는 다른 형태의 설계공식을 갖고 최적설계 결과를 유도하였다. 본 논문에서는 그 결과들로부터 신뢰성해석에 기초한 최적화 과정을 통해 다른 구조물의 설계시 보다 많은 비용의 절감을 꾀할 수 있는 가능성으로부터 그 중요성이 강조되었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.317-335
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• 2016

Concentrically braced steel frames (CBFs) can be optimised during the seismic design process by using lateral loading distributions derived from the concept of uniform damage distribution. However, it is not known how such structures are affected by uncertainties. This study aims to quantify and manage the effects of structural and ground-motion uncertainty on the seismic performance of optimum and conventionally designed CBFs. Extensive nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed on 5, 10 and 15-storey frames to investigate the effects of storey shear-strength and damping ratio uncertainties by using the Monte Carlo simulation method. For typical uncertainties in conventional steel frames, optimum design frames always exhibit considerably less inter-storey drift and cumulative damage compared to frames designed based on IBC-2012. However, it is noted that optimum structures are in general more sensitive to the random variation of storey shear-strength. It is shown that up to 50% variation in damping ratio does not affect the seismic performance of the optimum design frames compared to their code-based counterparts. Finally, the results indicate that the ground-motion uncertainty can be efficiently managed by optimizing CBFs based on the average of a set of synthetic earthquakes representing a design spectrum. Compared to code-based design structures, CBFs designed with the proposed average patterns exhibit up to 54% less maximum inter-storey drift and 73% less cumulative damage under design earthquakes. It is concluded that the optimisation procedure presented is reliable and should improve the seismic performance of CBFs.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.77-94
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• 2015

Ultrafiltration membranes have several advantages over conventional drinking-water treatment. However, this technology presents major limitations, such as irreversible fouling and low removal of natural organic matter. Fouling depends heavily on the raw-water quality as well as on the operating conditions of the process, including flux, permeate recovery, pre-treatment, chemical cleaning, and backwashing. Starting with the premise that the optimisation of operating variables can improve membrane performance, different experiments were conducted in a pilot plant located in Granada (Spain). Several combinations of permeate and backwashing flow rates, backwashing frequencies, and aeration flow rates were tested for low-quality water coming from Genil River with the following results: the effluent quality did not depend on the combination of operating conditions chosen; and the membrane was effective for the removal of microorganisms, turbidity and suspended solids but the yields for the removal of dissolved organic carbon were extremely low. In addition, the threshold transmembrane pressure (-0.7 bar) was reached within a few hours and it was difficult to recover due to the low efficiency of the chemical cleanings. Moreover, greater transmembrane pressure due to fouling also increased the energy consumption, and it was not possible to lower it without compromising the permeate recovery. Finally, the intensification of aeration contributed positively to lengthening the operation times but again raised energy consumption. In light of these findings, the feasibility of ultrafiltration as a single treatment is questioned for low-quality influents.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.482-494
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• 2016

The Feshbache-Kermane-Koonin (FKK) multi-step direct (MSD) theory of pre-equilibrium reactions has been used to compute the single-step cross-sections for some (p,${\alpha}$) reactions using the knock-on and pick-up reaction mechanisms at two incident proton energies. For the knock-on mechanism, the reaction was assumed to have taken place by the direct ejection of a preformed alpha cluster in a shell-model state of the target. But the reaction was assumed to have taken place by the pick-up of a preformed triton cluster (also bound in a shell-model state of the target core) by the incident proton for the pick-up mechanism. The Yukawa forms of potential were used for the proton-alpha (for the knock-on process) and proton-triton (for the pick-up process) interaction and several parameter sets for the proton and alpha-particle optical potentials. The calculated cross-sections for both mechanisms gave satisfactory fits to the experimental data. Furthermore, it has been shown that some combinations of the calculated distorted wave Born approximation cross-sections for the two reaction mechanisms in the FKK MSD theory are able to give better fits to the experimental data, especially in terms of range of agreement. In addition, the theory has been observed to be valid over a wider range of energy.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.569-584
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• 2016

This paper presents a method for stochastic modelling of fatigue crack growth and optimising inspection and maintenance strategy for the structural members of steel bridges. The fatigue crack evolution is considered as a stochastic process with uncertainties, and the Gamma process is adopted to simulate the propagation of fatigue crack in steel bridge members. From the stochastic modelling for fatigue crack growth, the probability of failure caused by fatigue is predicted over the service life of steel bridge members. The remaining fatigue life of steel bridge members is determined by comparing the fatigue crack length with its predetermined threshold. Furthermore, the probability of detection is adopted to consider the uncertainties in detecting fatigue crack by using existing damage detection techniques. A multi-objective optimisation problem is proposed and solved by a genetic algorithm to determine the optimised inspection and maintenance strategy for the fatigue affected steel bridge members. The optimised strategy is achieved by minimizing the life-cycle cost, including the inspection, maintenance and failure costs, and maximizing the service life after necessary intervention. The number of intervention during the service life is also taken into account to investigate the relationship between the service life and the cost for maintenance. The results from numerical examples show that the proposed method can provide a useful approach for cost-effective inspection and maintenance strategy for fatigue affected steel bridges.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.381-407
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• 2018

This paper presents a hybrid numerical approach, which combines a two-phase Navier-Stokes model (NS) and the fully nonlinear potential theory (FNPT), for modelling wave-structure interaction. The former governs the computational domain near the structure, where the viscous and turbulent effects are significant, and is solved by OpenFOAM/InterDyMFoam which utilising the finite volume method (FVM) with a Volume of Fluid (VOF) for the phase identification. The latter covers the rest of the domain, where the fluid may be considered as incompressible, inviscid and irrotational, and solved by using the Quasi Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element method (QALE-FEM). These two models are weakly coupled using a zonal (spatially hierarchical) approach. Considering the inconsistence of the solutions at the boundaries between two different sub-domains governed by two fundamentally different models, a relaxation (transitional) zone is introduced, where the velocity, pressure and surface elevations are taken as the weighted summation of the solutions by two models. In order to tackle the challenges associated and maximise the computational efficiency, further developments of the QALE-FEM have been made. These include the derivation of an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian FNPT and application of a robust gradient calculation scheme for estimating the velocity. The present hybrid model is applied to the numerical simulation of a fixed horizontal cylinder subjected to a unidirectional wave with or without following current. The convergence property, the optimisation of the relaxation zone, the accuracy and the computational efficiency are discussed. Although the idea of the weakly coupling using the zonal approach is not new, the present hybrid model is the first one to couple the QALE-FEM with OpenFOAM solver and/or to be applied to numerical simulate the wave-structure interaction with presence of current.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.449-458
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• 2019

Hepatitis B treatments using immune therapy are gaining interest because of the improvements in dendritic cell performance for antigen presentation, which induces an appropriate immune response and raises patient survival rates. This research aims to produce a significant amount of the HBcAg antigen, which can induce an immune response and have a curative effect on HBV infection. In this study, the HBV subgenotype B3 of the HBcAg gene was used, which is dominant in Indonesia. Further, Lactococcus lactis bacteria was used as the host because of its safety and tightly regulated protein expression. The codon usage for the HBcAg gene was optimized to improve protein expression in L. lactis, which is important because a codon is not random between species. The HBcAg gene is attached to a pNZ8148 plasmid and transformed into the L. lactis NZ3900 expression host. The results confirm that a positive protein band (21 kDa) in two fractions of purified HBcAg was recognized by both western blotting and dot blot hybridization, even if the HBcAg optimized codon has higher GC contents than that suggested for L. lactis expression. Overall, this research strengthens the broad use of L. lactis bacteria for any protein expression, including higher protein expression of codon optimized HBcAg gene compared to non-optimized genes. Furthermore, the improvement in the codon optimization of the HBcAg gene significantly increases the total protein expression by 10-20%, and the expression level of the codon optimized HBcAg increases 1.5 to 3.2-times that of the native HBcAg.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.343-353
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• 2021

중국의 뷰티 팝업숍 서비스는 이미 전성기발전시기에 들어섰다. 본 연구는 중국 에스티로더 팝업샵을 예를 들어 새 소매모델하에서의 뷰티샵 인터랙티브 마케팅방식에서의 사용자 체험을 기초로 일종의 온라인과 오프라인을 융합하는 시스템 인터랙티브 디자인 과정을 세우고 기업이 마케팅 서비스의 지속가능한 발전을 이루도록 돕는다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구에서는 설문조사와 인터뷰 조사로 사용자 체험의 핵심 요소를 조사하고 고객 여정 지도를 이용해 사용자의 통증점 (접촉점)을 확인하고 새 시스템 흐름의 디자인을 완성한다. 실험검증을 통해 이 과정은 디자이너들에게 새로운 시각을 제공한다. 비교적 높은 시효성과 실용성을 가지고 있고 또한 오프라인 소매와 온라인소매의 협동 최적화와 업그레이드를 촉진하여 기타 기업에 팝업스토어 써비스의 이론지지와 실천적의거를 제공해준다.