• 제목/요약/키워드: opportunistic

검색결과 703건 처리시간 0.024초

가막만의 2005년과 2006년 동계 저서환경 및 대형저서다모류군집구조 (Benthic Environments and Macrobenthic Polychaete Community Structure in the winter of 2005-2006 in Gamak Bay, Korea)

  • 윤상필;김연정;정래홍;문창호;홍석진;이원찬;박종수
    • 한국해양학회지:바다
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.67-82
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구는 최근 활발한 환경개선사업이 이루어지고 있는 가막만에서 저서환경과 대형다모류 군집구조의 변화 양상을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 현장 조사는 2005년 2월과 2006년 2월 두 차례에 걸쳐 수행되었으며 생물학적, 무생물학적 변수들을 측정하고 상호 비교하였다. 측정된 총 10개의 환경변수 가운데 연간 차이가 유의하였던 변수는 용존산소(DO), 강열감량(IL), 그리고 산휘발성황화물(AVS)이었다. 특히, 강열감량은 2005년에 비해 2006년에 1.5배, 산 휘발성황화물은 3배 낮았으며 이러한 현상은 북부내만역에서 더욱 뚜렷하였다. 저서다모류는 두 번의 조사에서 총 95종이 채집되었다. 출현종수, 개체 밀도, 그리고 다양도의 연도 간 변화 양상은 만 내의 위치에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 북부내만역에서는 2005년 보다 오히려 2006년에 더 적은 수의 다모류가 채집되었지만 일부 우점종의 우점도가 2006년에 현저히 감소함으로써 다양도는 증가하였다. 반면, 만의 중부역에서는 출현종수, 개체 밀도, 그리고 다양도가 2006년에 모두 증가하였다. 만의 입구역에서는 이러한 변수들의 시간에 따른 변화가 상대적으로 적었다. 2005년의 우점종은 기회종 또는 유기물 오염지표종으로 알려진 Lumbrineris longifolia, Capitella capitata, Mediomastus californiensis, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata 등으로 주로 북부내만역에 분포하였다. 한편, 2006년에는 Euchone alicaudata, L. longifolia, Paraprionospio pinnata, Flabelligeridae sp. 등이 우점하였으며 주로 만 중앙부에 분포하는 종들이 많았다. 전체자료에 대한 다변량 분석 결과, 저서다모류군집은 크게 5개의 그룹으로 나뉘었으며 이는 채집 정점의 지리적 위치 그리고 북부내만역 정점들에서 관찰된 2005년과 2006년 사이의 변화가 반영된 결과였다. BIO-ENV 분석을 통해 저서다모류군집의 시 공간적 구조 변화와 연관성이 가장 높은 환경변수를 알아본 결과, 단일변수로는 총유기탄소(TOC; ${\rho}=0.52$), 산휘발성황화물(${\rho}=0.49$) 등이 있었으며 최종적으로 총유기탄소, 산휘발성황화물, 분급도, 그리고 수온의 조합(${\rho}=0.60$)이 가장 높은 상관성을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 가막만의 저서환경 및 저서다모류군집에 대한 연간 비교 결과는 최근의 집중적인 환경개선 노력이 만 전반에 걸쳐 그리고 특히 북부내만역에 긍정적인 영향을 주고 있음을 암시하였다.

지속적 관여도 및 인지된 위험이 소비자의 온라인 상인선택 프로세스에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 요구신뢰 수준 개념을 중심으로 (How Enduring Product Involvement and Perceived Risk Affect Consumers' Online Merchant Selection Process: The 'Required Trust Level' Perspective)

  • 홍일유;이정민;조휘형
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.29-52
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    • 2012
  • Consumers differ in the way they make a purchase. An audio mania would willingly make a bold, yet serious, decision to buy a top-of-the-line home theater system, while he is not interested in replacing his two-decade-old shabby car. On the contrary, an automobile enthusiast wouldn't mind spending forty thousand dollars to buy a new Jaguar convertible, yet cares little about his junky component system. It is product involvement that helps us explain such differences among individuals in the purchase style. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a product is perceived to be important to a consumer (Zaichkowsky, 2001). Product involvement is an important factor that strongly influences consumer's purchase decision-making process, and thus has been of prime interest to consumer behavior researchers. Furthermore, researchers found that involvement is closely related to perceived risk (Dholakia, 2001). While abundant research exists addressing how product involvement relates to overall perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the relationship between involvement and different types of perceived risk in an electronic commerce setting. Given that perceived risk can be a substantial barrier to the online purchase (Jarvenpaa, 2000), research addressing such an issue will offer useful implications on what specific types of perceived risk an online firm should focus on mitigating if it is to increase sales to a fullest potential. Meanwhile, past research has focused on such consumer responses as information search and dissemination as a consequence of involvement, neglecting other behavioral responses like online merchant selection. For one example, will a consumer seriously considering the purchase of a pricey Guzzi bag perceive a great degree of risk associated with online buying and therefore choose to buy it from a digital storefront rather than from an online marketplace to mitigate risk? Will a consumer require greater trust on the part of the online merchant when the perceived risk of online buying is rather high? We intend to find answers to these research questions through an empirical study. This paper explores the impact of enduring product involvement and perceived risks on required trust level, and further on online merchant choice. For the purpose of the research, five types or components of perceived risk are taken into consideration, including financial, performance, delivery, psychological, and social risks. A research model has been built around the constructs under consideration, and 12 hypotheses have been developed based on the research model to examine the relationships between enduring involvement and five components of perceived risk, between five components of perceived risk and required trust level, between enduring involvement and required trust level, and finally between required trust level and preference toward an e-tailer. To attain our research objectives, we conducted an empirical analysis consisting of two phases of data collection: a pilot test and main survey. The pilot test was conducted using 25 college students to ensure that the questionnaire items are clear and straightforward. Then the main survey was conducted using 295 college students at a major university for nine days between December 13, 2010 and December 21, 2010. The measures employed to test the model included eight constructs: (1) enduring involvement, (2) financial risk, (3) performance risk, (4) delivery risk, (5) psychological risk, (6) social risk, (7) required trust level, (8) preference toward an e-tailer. The statistical package, SPSS 17.0, was used to test the internal consistency among the items within the individual measures. Based on the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients of the individual measure, the reliability of all the variables is supported. Meanwhile, the Amos 18.0 package was employed to perform a confirmatory factor analysis designed to assess the unidimensionality of the measures. The goodness of fit for the measurement model was satisfied. Unidimensionality was tested using convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. The statistical evidences proved that the three types of validity were all satisfied. Now the structured equation modeling technique was used to analyze the individual paths along the relationships among the research constructs. The results indicated that enduring involvement has significant positive relationships with all the five components of perceived risk, while only performance risk is significantly related to trust level required by consumers for purchase. It can be inferred from the findings that product performance problems are mostly likely to occur when a merchant behaves in an opportunistic manner. Positive relationships were also found between involvement and required trust level and between required trust level and online merchant choice. Enduring involvement is concerned with the pleasure a consumer derives from a product class and/or with the desire for knowledge for the product class, and thus is likely to motivate the consumer to look for ways of mitigating perceived risk by requiring a higher level of trust on the part of the online merchant. Likewise, a consumer requiring a high level of trust on the merchant will choose a digital storefront rather than an e-marketplace, since a digital storefront is believed to be trustworthier than an e-marketplace, as it fulfills orders by itself rather than acting as an intermediary. The findings of the present research provide both academic and practical implications. The first academic implication is that enduring product involvement is a strong motivator of consumer responses, especially the selection of a merchant, in the context of electronic shopping. Secondly, academicians are advised to pay attention to the finding that an individual component or type of perceived risk can be used as an important research construct, since it would allow one to pinpoint the specific types of risk that are influenced by antecedents or that influence consequents. Meanwhile, our research provides implications useful for online merchants (both online storefronts and e-marketplaces). Merchants may develop strategies to attract consumers by managing perceived performance risk involved in purchase decisions, since it was found to have significant positive relationship with the level of trust required by a consumer on the part of the merchant. One way to manage performance risk would be to thoroughly examine the product before shipping to ensure that it has no deficiencies or flaws. Secondly, digital storefronts are advised to focus on symbolic goods (e.g., cars, cell phones, fashion outfits, and handbags) in which consumers are relatively more involved than others, whereas e- marketplaces should put their emphasis on non-symbolic goods (e.g., drinks, books, MP3 players, and bike accessories).

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첨단산업의 환경동태성이 공급체인의 결속에 미치는 영향: 유연성과 의존성의 역할 (The Effects of Environmental Dynamism on Supply Chain Commitment in the High-tech Industry: The Roles of Flexibility and Dependence)

  • 김상덕;지성구
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.31-54
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    • 2007
  • 첨단산업의 기업들은 환경의 변화에 효과적으로 대응하는 것을 기업 성패에 중요한 요인으로 여기고 있다. 하지만 첨단산업의 환경 동태성이 공급체인 구성원 간 관계 결속에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구가 부족하여, 환경 변화에 효과적인 대응을 어렵게 하고 있다. 본 연구는 첨단산업에서 환경 동태성이 공급체인의 결속에 영향을 미치는 메커니즘에 대해 규명하고 있다. 좀 더 구체적으로 말하면, 첫째, 첨단산업의 고객, 경쟁, 기술 동태성이 공급체인의 결속에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 둘째, 공급체인의 유연성과 의존성이 이러한 영향에 어떠한 조절효과를 가지는 지 실증하고 있다. 구조방정식 모형에 의한 가설검정 결과 첨단산업의 고객 동태성은 공급체인의 결속을 약화시켰지만 경쟁 동태성은 강화시키는 역할을 하였다. 한편 유연성과 의존성은 고객과 경쟁 동태성에 유의적인 조절 효과를 가졌다.

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