• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.347-354
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• 1999

The credit rating represents an assessment of the relative level of risk associated with the timely payments required by the debt obligation. In this paper, we present a new approach to credit rating of customers based on the rough set theory. The concept of a rough set appeared to be an effective tool for the analysis of customer information systems representing knowledge gained by experience. The customer information system describes a set of customers by a set of multi-valued attributes, called condition attributes. The customers are classified into groups of risk subject to an expert's opinion, called decision attribute. A natural problem of knowledge analysis consists then in discovering relationships, in terms of decision rules, between description of customers by condition attributes and particular decisions. The rough set approach enables one to discover minimal subsets of condition attributes ensuring an acceptable quality of classification of the customers analyzed and to derive decision rules from the customer information system which can be used to support decisions about rating new customers. Using the rough set approach one analyses only facts hidden in data, it does not need any additional information about data and does not correct inconsistencies manifested in data; instead, rules produced are categorized into certain and possible. A real problem of the evaluation of the evaluation of credit rating by a department store is studied using the rough set approach.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.207-218
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the chronic patients' preferences for care near the end of life. Methods: This is a descriptive survey research, with subjects of 161 outpatients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus or chronic renal failure. Results: The majority of the subjects do not want meaningless life sustaining treatment and they report thinking positively about family or health care professional to participate in their end of life decision making process. Subjects reported preferring adequate pain management and spiritual support at the end of life. In regard to advance directives (ADs), those subjects with chronic disease report thinking positively about the necessity of ADs and its institutionalization. However, the subjects report not having the detailed information on the proper time and method of writing their ADs. Conclusion: Based on these results, educational programs on end of life decision making for chronic patients need to be developed. Also, the nurse should try to reflect the opinion of chronic patients as much as possible when make an end-of-life decision.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.9_10 s.146
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• pp.1285-1294
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• 2005

This study was fulfilled in the purpose of proposing construction strategies of Internet shopping-mall through the analysis of consumer moving line in Internet shopping-mall. This study was executed in two stages: theoretical study, qualitative study. In the theoretical study, hypothetical Internet shopping behavior model were constructed. Five internet shopping behavior types of apparel : purchase, searching purchase, prepurchase deliberation, information accumulation, opinion leadership and recreation were constructed. Next, consumer decision process were extracted from previous studies and a hypothetical internet shopping behavior model was constructed on the base of consumer decision process and Internet shopping behavior types. And then, through the qualitative study, Internet shopping behavior types were identified and hypothetical model was confirmed after adjustment. For qualitative study, 30 subjects were sampled by focus sampling and investigated by in-depth interview and observation. Seven internet shopping behavior types of apparel were found by the qualitative study: cautious purchase by price comparison, searching purchase, special low price purchase, impulse purchase, prepurchase deliberation, information accumulation and recreation-oriented. On the base of these behavior types, Internet shopping behavior model was adjusted and completed. Finally, according to the results of this study, Internet shopping construction methods that made customer's loyalty high and marketing strategy of Internet shopping-mall were proposed.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-25
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• 2005

Legislation on pharmaceutical reimbursement decision using economic evaluation results was made in Korea in fm, but has yet to be fully implemented. We evaluated the quality of Korean economic evaluation studies of pharmaceuticals to understand gaps between legislation and implementation. From this evaluation, we propose policy options that might strengthen the research Infrastructure In order to support such studies. We reviewed 23 published studies for drugs conducted between 1996 and 2004. Evaluation criteria included methodological characteristics, healthcare system characteristics, population characteristics, and applicability of results. Large variation in study quality was observed, particularly with study design, outcome data, treatment patterns and interpretation. Korean clinical data used was mostly from observational studies of 1-2 hospitals. Foreign data was extracted from clinical trials that did not Include Asian population and their selection criterion was not clarified. With respect to treatment patterns, medical records and hospital bills were used without adjustment regarding area, hospital type, and others. And next frequent situation relied on expert opinion from academic physicians in specialty practice. preference measures, when used, were not elicited from the Korean population. $78.3\%$ of studies did not clarify the funding source. If the Korean economic evaluation policy is to provide meaningful data for decision makers, the quality of cost-effectiveness studies will need to improve dramatically. This may involve access to or creation of better data, more diverse funding, unproved training of researchers and evaluators, and partnerships with technology manufacturers.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.549-556
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• 2020

Real estate markets play an essential role in the economic development of both developed and developing countries. Investment decisions in private real estate demand the consideration of several qualitative and quantitative criteria. Especially in Vietnam, demand for housing, apartments are rising which has resulted because of the migration from rural to urban areas. This study aims to determine the influencing factors of the real estate purchasing behavior and then recommend a grey Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) support model to evaluate real estate alternatives based on a numerical example in Vietnam. A set of essential criteria are identified based on experts' opinion, and the proposed determinants are initial investment, maintenance cost, prestige location, distance to interesting places, parking lot, public transportation, property condition, total area size, number of rooms, and neighbors. The subjective weights were obtained by using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) model, and the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) technique is employed to prioritize and rank real estate alternatives. The results reveal that this approach can be useful to make purchasing decisions for many kinds of real estate property under uncertain business environments. These findings indicate that the presented hybrid model has advantages in granting flexibility to the preferences of decision makers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.2691-2703
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• 2015

This research aims to provide basic materials for assisting DNR patient cares by understanding ICU nurses' awareness and ethical attitude regarding DNR. A total of 154 results were analyzed which were collected from Aug. 1st to Sep. 5th in 2014 by surveying nurses working in ICU (from 1 advanced general hospital in G metropolitan city and other general hospitals of more than 700 beds in Cheolla provinces). (1) For the decision attitudes of DNR, there were both consent and objection. Consent for the patient's opinion of rejecting further treatment and life extension despite of bad prognosis. And objection for no conducting DNR in the case of the patient's wish, treatment requested by the guardian, and CPR for the patient who has no chance. (2) Objection for artificial respirator and other treatment requested by the patient's family and the entrance of guardians into ICU. Consent for the passive use of artificial respirator by the doctor and the decrease of basic care to stabilize patients physically and mentally. No specific opinion for treatment not following aseptic techniques. Objection for frequent reports to primary care physician requested by the family. (3) Acknowledging less interest by the doctor, while supporting the health care team in the case of the guardian's complaint, objection for the DNR decision mede by the primary care physician. Objection for the DNR decision by the guideline. Objection or neutrality for straightforward explanation to the patient of bad prognosis. Objection for straightforward explanation of the patient's status (even near to death) to the patient him/herself or the guardian. In conclusion, the subject of DNR is the patient and the patient's opinion should be fully reflected. The conflict arising from the scope of medical practice and decision processes should be minimized. The standard and guideline for DNR decision is required for the ethical decision making for the patient along with agreements based on full explanations.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.279-306
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• 2010

This study is to compare and analyze the policy decision process between Korea Long-term Care Insurance and Japan's using policy network theory as an analysis tool, and to lead political and theoretical implications. The result of the study is summarized as follows. First, a policy agenda about Long-term Care problem for the Elderly set up by the government-leading both Korea and Japan. and the number of policy participation(actors) increased to characteristics of policy process stage. but there is a difference between Korea and Japan in a background of setting up policy agenda about Long-term Care problem. Second, interaction among policy actors is corporative from early policy agenda establishment stage in Korea and Japan. but it changes to dissenting or critical rapidly as being announced the frame of system to the people. Also, it shows that main policy actors play a role in policy making decision and the connection structures of network is similar to both countries although it has a difference in the interaction frequency. Fourth, although the number of policy actors and the extent of their opinion reflection to the policy effect are different, it shows that policy network pattern is very similar to from policy agenda setting stage to parliament(The National Assemble) policy decision stage as a result of government-leading policy process. The theoretical and political implications of this study are as follows. The number and the variety of policy participation, the importance of establishing opened-interaction system, lots of limitation of policy making-decision process of Japan Long-term Care system, and exclusively the government-leading network has demerits about the reflection of too much government's opinion to the policy outcomes.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.383-388
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• 2006

This Paper presents a novel approach to single channel microphone speech enhancement in noisy environments. Widely used noise reduction techniques based on the spectral subtraction are generally expressed as a spectral gam depending on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The well-known decision-directed(DD) estimator of Ephraim and Malah efficiently reduces musical noise under the background noise conditions, but generates the delay of the a prioiri SNR because the DD weights the speech spectrum component of the Previous frame in the speech signal. Therefore, the noise suppression gain which is affected by the delay of the a priori SNR, which is estimated by the DD matches the previous frame rather than the current one, so after noise suppression. this degrades the noise reduction performance during speech transient periods. We propose a computationally simple but effective speech enhancement technique based on the sigmoid type function for the weight Parameter of the DD. The proposed approach solves the delay problem about the main parameter, the a priori SNR of the DD while maintaining the benefits of the DD. Performances of the proposed enhancement algorithm are evaluated by ITU-T p.862 Perceptual Evaluation of Speech duality (PESQ). the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and the speech spectrogram under various noise environments and yields better results compared with the fixed weight parameter of the DD.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.4 s.30
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• pp.145-157
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• 2006

Generally, the method of the policy analysis has been used for making a policy decision of the development project of the road through the expert interview based on AHP. According to introducing PI, the study of the method of the integrating process for various opinion of the related groups is required. On this study I evaluate what is a difference between the results of integrated process and the AHP analysis on what is major considering factor in decision-making process. From the analysis, each evaluate factor is in level of significance by ANOVA. First, there is a significance level difference between Group A, C and Group B Second, there is also a significance level difference on the result of AHP analysis for each group in order to evaluate by integrated method. Finally, the method of AHP analysis which considers priority factor is expected as to be useful tool on decision-making of various group.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.129-139
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• 2012

It is one of the most important decision making problems to select the adequate foundation practice for the downtown construction project. However the foundation practice has not been selected systematically yet by considering various construction field conditions in many projects. The foundation practice is often informally selected on the basis of only past experiences and skilled engineer's opinion. For making the selection process systematically, in this study, we propose a decision support system (DSS) for selecting foundation practices based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Preference Function (PF). In the proposed DSS, the AHP is used for making the selection process more reasonable and the PF is used for considering the decision maker's preference. To validate the proposed DSS, we apply the proposed DSS to the pre-performed construction projects. The application results show that the proposed DSS gives the same foundation practices with the implemented foundation practices that the skilled foundation engineers select after carefully analyzing construction field conditions. The proposed DSS can be used as a useful tool for making decisions to select the foundation practice in the construction fields.