• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.57-67
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• 1983

The influence of electrolyte concentrations on the action of morphine and naloxone was studied in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea-pig ileum to examine whether opiate receptor binding obseved in vitro with homogenates represents binding to the pharmacological receptor. The preparations were suspended in a modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution and electrically stimulated at 0.2 Hz. Morphine inhibited electrically evoked contractions; the concentration of morphine required for a 50-percent inhibition was 190 nM. This inhibitory action of morphine was potentiated in a medium containing lower concentrations of : $Na^+\;or\;K^+$, or by the addition of $Mn^{2+}$ to the medium, and weakened by increasing the concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ or decreasing the concentration of $Mg^{2+}$. Naloxone antagonized these actions of morphine: however, $pA_2values$ for naloxone (indices of affinity for antagonists, approximately 8.8) were unaffected by these electrolyte concentrations. Thus, changes in the inhibitory action of morphine caused by alterations in electrolyte concentrations are probably not the result of changes in the affinity of the receptor for opiates, but due to alterations in the events which precede or follow the receptor binding. Effects of electrolytes on the affinity of the functional opiate receptor for naloxone in guinea-pig ileum are apparently different from those reported with the specific binding sites for opiates in brain homogenate.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.165-178
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• 1988

In this study, the effect of single or repeated (daily for 7 or 14 days) electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on central and peripheral opiate system and modification of the actions of ECS by several psychoactive drugs were investigated in the rat. Repeated ECS caused increase of Met-enkephalin content and decrease of Bmax of specific $[^3H]$imorphine binding in the rat brain. These effects were persisted more than 7 days after the last ECS, but single ECS failed to show these effects. However, ${\beta}-endorphin$ content was decreased in midbrain preparation and increased in plasma by repeated or single ECS. These phenomenon was seen shortly after the last ECS. After ECS-induced seizure was prevented by phenobarbital, ECS-induced increase in Met-enkephalin content was significantly attenuated. Imipramine or pargyline did not affect the action of repeated ECS. On the other hand, reserpine, chlorpromazine or haloperidol which were classified as neuroleptic antipsychotics, augmented the ECS-induced changes of central and peripheral opiate parameters. Furthermore, in groups received repeated ECS, changes of Bmax of specific $[^3H]-morphine binding$ binding was inversely correlated with changes of Met-enkephalin contents, but not with changes of ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents. From these results, it is inferred that the central or peripheral opioidergic system may be involved in the therapeutic and/or adverse effects of ECS which also can be influenced by some psychoactive drugs.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.124-137
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• 1996

As the society becomes more industrialized and modernized, we have more chances to experience a serious traumatic event. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has 3 major categories of symptoms such as memory disturbance, hyperarousal and avoidance or numbness. I reviewed the psychobiological evidences in 3 main categories of symptoms and the biological treatment after a brief review of the epidemiology, psychosocial etiology and diagnosis of PTSD. The memory disturbance of PTSD might be developed by the potentiation of the memory pathway mediated by norepinephrine. PTSD induces HPA axis abnormality, it might also develop hippocampal dysfunction, which might contribute to the memory disturbance. The kindling effect develops desensitization, which might develop reexperiencing of the traumatic events and hyperarousal state. Chronic aroused state of locus ceruleus with resultant chronic maladaptive state of norepinephrine system, might develop hyperarousal state. Social avoidance and physical numbing state in PTSD might be caused by serotnin or opiate system. Stress induced analgesia might be developed by opiate reliesed against the acute stress. The biologic research results would help the selective treatment of PTSD.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.281.2-282
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• 2003

Recently, ‘bokbanggamchopyeon’, chinese analgesic which is carried in korea by travelers becomes a problem when they pass customs because it contains opiate alkaloids morphine and codeine. At this time, opium is assigned as narcitics in korea according to the rule concerning narcotics control, and its major component morphine and codeine too. (omitted)

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.326-331
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• 1991

Brain serotonin and its utilization was investigated on stressed rats after feeding high tryptophan diet for a month. High tryptophan fed rats displayed significantly higher level of serum tryptophan, brain tryptophan, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) than the control diet fed rats. When rats were treated with 3 hour immobilization (IMMB) stress, serotonin turnover was slightly increased, but not statistically significant, in control diet group rats. However in high tryptophan diet rats, 3 hr IMMB stress resulted in statistically significantly (p<0.05) decreased the serum tryptophan, brain tryptophan and 5-HT level. The concentration of 5-HIAA was significantly increased indicating accelerated utilization of the brain 5-HT of the high trp. fed rat. The utilization pattern of the serotonin was found to be similar among young and adult rats. Rats on a tryptophan enriched diet displayed higher coping ability to the stress as they exhibited smaller increment of corticosterone level. A possble involvement of opioid system was suggested in serotonin utilization by measuring total $^{3}$[H]-naloxone binding in brain.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.645-653
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• 2016

Morphine is the most potent analgesic for chronic pain, but its clinical use has been limited by the opiate's innate tendency to produce tolerance, severe withdrawal symptoms and rewarding properties with a high risk of relapse. To understand the addictive properties of morphine, past studies have focused on relevant molecular and cellular changes in the brain, highlighting the functional roles of reward-related brain regions. Given the accumulated findings, a recent, emerging trend in morphine research is that of examining the dynamics of neuronal interactions in brain reward circuits under the influence of morphine action. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the roles of several reward circuits involved in morphine addiction based on pharmacological, molecular and physiological evidences.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.167-168
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• 1989

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.234-234
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• 1996

DA-5018은 여러 opiate수용체 실험에서 morphine 또는 naloxone 보다 10-100배 정도 낮은 친화력을 나타내었다. 기니픽 회장표본과 랫드 수정관표본의 전기자극 실험에서는 DA-5018의 의해 유도된 수축반응이 naloxone의 영향을 받지 앉았고, 랫드에서의 진통효과도 naloxone 전처치에 의해 차단되지 않았으므로, DA-5018은 opiate 수용체를 경유하지 앉는 것으로 생각된다. 또한, OA-5018 120$\mu$M에서 cyclooxygenase 생성을 50% 증가시켰고 mM 농도에서 5-lipooxygenase 합성을 약간 억제하였으므로, NSAID계 유사약물이 아님을 확인하였다. DA-5018은 기니픽 기관 표본에 대해 capsaicin과 동일하게 수축반응을 나타내었고, 이것은 capsazepine 전처리에 의해 억제되었다. 척수에서의 substance P 유리활성은 capsaicin보다 약 9배 강한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 랫드에 DA-5018 진통유효용량인 1mg/kg을 피하주사한 후 분리한 척수에서 capsaicin에 의한 substance P의 유리활성은 15분 후에 감소하였고 120분 후에는 회복되었다. 따라서 OA-5018의 진통작용에도 substance P의 고갈이 관여하는 것으로 생각된다. 이상의 결과로부터, DA-5018의 진통작용은 capsaicin수용체를 매개하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 2020

Objective: Most cancer patients suffer from various forms of pain. This study presents the case of a patient with hapatocellular carcinoma with abdominal pain treated by Daegunjoong-tang. Method: For 7 days, the patient was treated with Daegunjoong-Tang and Moxibustion. We planned to maintain moxibustion CV12(中脘), CV4(關元) for 20 minutes everyday. To evaluate the therapeutic effect, we used Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). Results: After the treatments, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) score about abdominal pain are decreased. Conclusions: These results suggested that Daegunjoong-tang and Moxibustion have a beneficial effect on relieving abdominal pain caused by cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.35-47
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• 1984

Contents of immunoreactive ${\beta}-endorphin$ and maximum of $^3H-morphine$ binding was measured in the rat midbrain homogenates from different subgroups at 24 hour interval over 24 hours. Animals were adapted to the light-dark cycle(L : D, 12: 12) or constant darkness (D : D, 12 : 12) for 3 weeks. After the adaptation, 0.5ml of physiologic saline or drug was administered twice a day for 2 weeks. A highly significant circadian rhythm with the peak$(94.8{\pm}7.7\;fmole/mg\;protein)$ at 06:00 and the nadir $(27.6{\pm}2.4\;fmole/mg\;protein)$ at 18:00 was observed in constant of group. Constant dark or treatment of reserpine, pargyline, imipramine, amphetamine and chlorpromazine modified the diurnal rhythm in the time of peak and nadir, shape, phase amplitude and 24 hour mean of ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents. Opiate receptor binding by $^3H-morphine$ also showed highly significant diurnal change in control and constant dark adapted rats. Statistical analysis by one-way analysis of variance and two-way analysis of variance indicates that the·re are highly significant differences between the diurnal change of ${\beta}-endorphin$ in control and those constant dark adapted and drug treated groups. However diurnal change of Maximum $^3H-morphine$ binding is closely related to the change of ${\beta}-endorphin$ contents. The results are interpreted with regard to the circadian rhythm of beta-endorphin contents, its modification by psychoactive drugs and possible mechanism of diurnal change of opiate receptor in brain.