• Title/Summary/Keyword: operating rules

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A Study on Improving Plan of the Evaluating System for Efficient Defense M&S Accreditation Work (효율적인 국방M&S 인정업무 수행을 위한 평가시스템 발전방안 연구)

  • Han, Seung-Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.42-48
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    • 2021
  • Recently, the defense industry has been improving high technology by developing convergence technology through the 4th industrial revolution. On the other hand, it is very difficult to guarantee the performance of high-tech weapon systems because the test for weapon systems has many risks and cannot perform in an actual operating environment. Therefore, M&S resources are needed to make sound weapon systems, but many people demand reliable M&S resources. Owing to the continuous demand and execution of the VV&A work, related rules have developed significantly, but tools and techniques for performing the work have not been developed. Hence, there are inefficient parts in the performance of work due to the absence of a systematic system. Accordingly, many risks may cause various safety accidents, such as security. This paper suggests a direction for the development of VV&A work procedures by improving efficiency and reducing risk.

Christian Education for the Post-Corona World (코로나 이후 세계를 위한 기독교교육)

  • Jae-Deog Yu
    • Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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    • v.72
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    • pp.7-24
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    • 2022
  • Christian education for the world after COVID-19 needs to use rapid changes in the surrounding situation as an opportunity to overcome a new crisis so that the church can achieve its educational mission. If the biggest dilemma in the post-Corona era is that there is no authoritative educational prescription anywhere, the most reasonable option for church education in this situation is to emphasize and cultivate learners' ability to flexibly cope with rules that are completely different than before COVID-19. As a natural result of the crisis, Christian education needs to be more interested in the trend of social change in the pandemic era(glocalization, digital transformation, economic inequality, educational environment change, church crisis) and actively reflect its contents in education. In addition, while operating a mobile(or online) church school that combines offline and online, there is an urgent need for an innovative transition to a core church school where certain church schools and churches cooperate with each other, a church school that guarantees a safe learning space, and an ecological church school that is interested in education dealing with climate change and ecology.

A Study on Improving Precision Rate in Security Events Using Cyber Attack Dictionary and TF-IDF (공격키워드 사전 및 TF-IDF를 적용한 침입탐지 정탐률 향상 연구)

  • Jongkwan Kim;Myongsoo Kim
    • Convergence Security Journal
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.9-19
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    • 2022
  • As the expansion of digital transformation, we are more exposed to the threat of cyber attacks, and many institution or company is operating a signature-based intrusion prevention system at the forefront of the network to prevent the inflow of attacks. However, in order to provide appropriate services to the related ICT system, strict blocking rules cannot be applied, causing many false events and lowering operational efficiency. Therefore, many research projects using artificial intelligence are being performed to improve attack detection accuracy. Most researches were performed using a specific research data set which cannot be seen in real network, so it was impossible to use in the actual system. In this paper, we propose a technique for classifying major attack keywords in the security event log collected from the actual system, assigning a weight to each key keyword, and then performing a similarity check using TF-IDF to determine whether an actual attack has occurred.

A Study on the Revision of Domestic Pilot Jet Type Rating (국내 조종사 제트 형식한정 개정에 관한 연구)

  • Sung-yeob Kim;Jihun Choi;Myeong-sik, Lee;Hyeon-deok, Kim
    • Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.534-539
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    • 2023
  • Currently, in Korea, to obtain a jet type rating, you must receive training on a small business jet model. The reason is because of the law in the Aviation Safety Act Enforcement Rules 『Appendix 4』 that states, "You must receive at least 2 hours of flight training." In the end, it is acquiring type rating as a small business jet aircraft with relatively low operating costs. The qualifications acquired in this way are different from those for aircraft operated by airlines. However, if you have an initial jet type rating, you can acquire an airline aircraft qualification just by training on a simulator, so airlines want you to have at least a small-jet type rating. However, in the United States and Australia, there is a system in place to acquire initial jet type rating through simulator training without actual flight training.

A Study on the Problems and Improvement of Occupational Safety and Health Standards - Focusing on Regulation on Occupational Safety and Health Standards - (산업안전보건기준의 문제점과 개선방안에 관한 연구 - 산업안전보건기준에 관한 규칙을 중심으로 -)

  • Jin-Woo Jung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.148-155
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    • 2024
  • Objectives: Among the regulations that have recently attracted a lot of social attention in Regulation on Occupational Safety and Health Standards, we would like to specifically present the reasons why even companies with strong will to comply with regulations that are not effective or entail a number of legal problems, and suggest ways to improve them. Methods: The facts were confirmed and identified through various methods such as interviews and meetings with labor inspectors who enforce the Regulation on Occupational Safety and Health Standards and safety officials at industrial sites experiencing them. Results: Due to the lack of effectiveness in Regulation on Occupational Safety and Health Standards, there are not a few areas that do not function properly as a preventive standard. Although operating the regulatory nature of punishment as an administrative guideline without basing it on Regulation on Occupational Safety and Health Standards is a direct violation of the principles of the administration of the rule of law, there are many expedient ways to replace what should be placed in this rule as just an administrative guideline. Conclusions: It should be prioritized to explicitly stipulate effective regulations within the Regulation on Occupational Safety and Health Standards. In addition, as regulations on occupational safety and health standards play a large part in preventing industrial accidents, comprehensive and practical measures are indispensable rather than fragmented and formal measures to ensure that these rules function properly in the prevention industrial accidents.

A Fundamental Study on Damage Assessment of the 30-Inch Gas Pipeline (30인치 가스 파이프라인 손상평가에 관한 기초 연구)

  • Mutiara Setyaning Dwityas;Chunsik Shim;Kangho Kim;Deokyeon Lee;Daseul Jeong;Youngpyo Kim;Yun-Chan Jang;Byeonghwa Kim;Sungguk Wi
    • Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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    • v.61 no.5
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    • pp.378-388
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    • 2024
  • Oil and gas contribute significantly to achieving the growing demand for energy, which is rising in parallel with population growth. The pipeline system is the main transport system used in the distribution of oil and gas because the pipeline system is considered the most effective and efficient system. The distribution system for gas and oil must guarantee security and safety. Analyzing the pipeline is necessary to ensure distribution security and safety. In this study, a finite element analysis of the gas pipeline specimen was conducted. This analysis is carried out in two stages, first structural analysis and continued with damage analysis, where the damage used is a dent. In the dent analysis, environmental conditions are applied, namely non-pressure, pressure, and full pressure. Then assessed all the results of the analysis of each stage, the assessment was carried out by verifying the results of the analysis with the applicable standard rules. So that the characteristics of the pipeline can be recognized and work accidents caused by operating pipeline failure can be avoided.

Changes of International Aviation Regimes (국제항공 레짐의 변화)

  • Lee, Jong-Sik
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.17
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    • pp.55-89
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    • 2003
  • What are the international aviation regimes? It is said that they are sets of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures of international aviation around which aviation actors' (states-actors, intergovernmental aviation organization, international aviation conventions, airlines and their organizations etc.) expectations converge in a given aviation issue-area for the purposes of the human welfare and the operations of the stable civil aviation. In this regards, the purposes of this study are focused on the aviation actors' shifts. Chronologically, international aviation regimes have been developed by some stages as followings; The 1st stage is the period from 1944 Chicago Convention to 1978 US Deregulation Act, when the aviation regulations and rules within the international aviation relations were implemented by Chicago-Bermuda regimes as Christer Jonsson pointed out. In this first stage, the sovereignty for the airspace over their countries is absolute. The second stage is the period from 1978 to '1992 Open Skies Agreement' between US and Netherlands. In this regime, airlines' activities as well as state-actors' have been actuated. The third stage is the period from 1992 to the contemporary. In this stage, airlines' activities for the consumers such as 'Open Skies Agreements', 'e-commerce business', 'airspace open policy within EU area', 'service open policy of WTO', and 'airlines' strategic alliance' are the central focal points in the world aviation relationship. In the conclusion, this phenomenon of the core actors in the international aviation rules has been shifted from the states-actors to the non-states actors especially, operating airlines, or consuming customers. Finally, I' d like to suggest that international aviation regimes should be developed to promote and facilitate the globalized level for the people's movements among the global aviation society. That is the way to proceed to the welfare and peace for all human beings of the World.

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Development of a Detection Model for the Companies Designated as Administrative Issue in KOSDAQ Market (KOSDAQ 시장의 관리종목 지정 탐지 모형 개발)

  • Shin, Dong-In;Kwahk, Kee-Young
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.157-176
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this research is to develop a detection model for companies designated as administrative issue in KOSDAQ market using financial data. Administration issue designates the companies with high potential for delisting, which gives them time to overcome the reasons for the delisting under certain restrictions of the Korean stock market. It acts as an alarm to inform investors and market participants of which companies are likely to be delisted and warns them to make safe investments. Despite this importance, there are relatively few studies on administration issues prediction model in comparison with the lots of studies on bankruptcy prediction model. Therefore, this study develops and verifies the detection model of the companies designated as administrative issue using financial data of KOSDAQ companies. In this study, logistic regression and decision tree are proposed as the data mining models for detecting administrative issues. According to the results of the analysis, the logistic regression model predicted the companies designated as administrative issue using three variables - ROE(Earnings before tax), Cash flows/Shareholder's equity, and Asset turnover ratio, and its overall accuracy was 86% for the validation dataset. The decision tree (Classification and Regression Trees, CART) model applied the classification rules using Cash flows/Total assets and ROA(Net income), and the overall accuracy reached 87%. Implications of the financial indictors selected in our logistic regression and decision tree models are as follows. First, ROE(Earnings before tax) in the logistic detection model shows the profit and loss of the business segment that will continue without including the revenue and expenses of the discontinued business. Therefore, the weakening of the variable means that the competitiveness of the core business is weakened. If a large part of the profits is generated from one-off profit, it is very likely that the deterioration of business management is further intensified. As the ROE of a KOSDAQ company decreases significantly, it is highly likely that the company can be delisted. Second, cash flows to shareholder's equity represents that the firm's ability to generate cash flow under the condition that the financial condition of the subsidiary company is excluded. In other words, the weakening of the management capacity of the parent company, excluding the subsidiary's competence, can be a main reason for the increase of the possibility of administrative issue designation. Third, low asset turnover ratio means that current assets and non-current assets are ineffectively used by corporation, or that asset investment by corporation is excessive. If the asset turnover ratio of a KOSDAQ-listed company decreases, it is necessary to examine in detail corporate activities from various perspectives such as weakening sales or increasing or decreasing inventories of company. Cash flow / total assets, a variable selected by the decision tree detection model, is a key indicator of the company's cash condition and its ability to generate cash from operating activities. Cash flow indicates whether a firm can perform its main activities(maintaining its operating ability, repaying debts, paying dividends and making new investments) without relying on external financial resources. Therefore, if the index of the variable is negative(-), it indicates the possibility that a company has serious problems in business activities. If the cash flow from operating activities of a specific company is smaller than the net profit, it means that the net profit has not been cashed, indicating that there is a serious problem in managing the trade receivables and inventory assets of the company. Therefore, it can be understood that as the cash flows / total assets decrease, the probability of administrative issue designation and the probability of delisting are increased. In summary, the logistic regression-based detection model in this study was found to be affected by the company's financial activities including ROE(Earnings before tax). However, decision tree-based detection model predicts the designation based on the cash flows of the company.

Analysis and Implication on the International Regulations related to Unmanned Aircraft -with emphasis on ICAO, U.S.A., Germany, Australia- (세계 무인항공기 운용 관련 규제 분석과 시사점 - ICAO, 미국, 독일, 호주를 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, Dong-Uk;Kim, Ji-Hoon;Kim, Sung-Mi;Kwon, Ky-Beom
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.225-285
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    • 2017
  • In regard to the regulations related to the RPA(Remotely Piloted Aircraft), which is sometimes called in other countries as UA(Unmanned Aircraft), ICAO stipulates the regulations in the 'RPAS manual (2015)' in detail based on the 'Chicago Convention' in 1944, and enacts provisions for the Rules of UAS or RPAS. Other contries stipulates them such as the Federal Airline Rules (14 CFR), Public Law (112-95) in the United States, the Air Transport Act, Air Transport Order, Air Transport Authorization Order (through revision in "Regulations to operating Rules on unmanned aerial System") based on EASA Regulation (EC) No.216/2008 in the case of unmanned aircaft under 150kg in Germany, and Civil Aviation Act (CAA 1998), Civil Aviation Act 101 (CASR Part 101) in Australia. Commonly, these laws exclude the model aircraft for leisure purpose and require pilots on the ground, not onboard aricraft, capable of controlling RPA. The laws also require that all managements necessary to operate RPA and pilots safely and efficiently under the structure of the unmanned aircraft system within the scope of the regulations. Each country classifies the RPA as an aircraft less than 25kg. Australia and Germany further break down the RPA at a lower weight. ICAO stipulates all general aviation operations, including commercial operation, in accordance with Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention, and it also applies to RPAs operations. However, passenger transportation using RPAs is excluded. If the operational scope of the RPAs includes the airspace of another country, the special permission of the relevant country shall be required 7 days before the flight date with detail flight plan submitted. In accordance with Federal Aviation Regulation 107 in the United States, a small non-leisure RPA may be operated within line-of-sight of a responsible navigator or observer during the day in the speed range up to 161 km/hr (87 knots) and to the height up to 122 m (400 ft) from surface or water. RPA must yield flight path to other aircraft, and is prohibited to load dangerous materials or to operate more than two RPAs at the same time. In Germany, the regulations on UAS except for leisure and sports provide duty to avoidance of airborne collisions and other provisions related to ground safety and individual privacy. Although commercial UAS of 5 kg or less can be freely operated without approval by relaxing the existing regulatory requirements, all the UAS regardless of the weight must be operated below an altitude of 100 meters with continuous monitoring and pilot control. Australia was the first country to regulate unmanned aircraft in 2001, and its regulations have impacts on the unmanned aircraft laws of ICAO, FAA, and EASA. In order to improve the utiliity of unmanned aircraft which is considered to be low risk, the regulation conditions were relaxed through the revision in 2016 by adding the concept "Excluded RPA". In the case of excluded RPA, it can be operated without special permission even for commercial purpose. Furthermore, disscussions on a new standard manual is being conducted for further flexibility of the current regulations.

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A Comparative Review on Civil Money Penalties in Aviation Law (항공 과징금 제도의 비교법적 검토)

  • Lee, Chang-Jae
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.3-38
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    • 2019
  • In 1984, Congress enacted a new measure of administrative sanctions which is a civil money penalty program for violations of Aviation Act and its implementing regulations. This civil money penalty system has been in operations in lieu of suspending or revoking certificates issued by Korean government, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport. According to the rules of Aviation Business Act or Aviation Safety Act, where the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport should order an air carrier to suspend operation because of her violation under certain rules, in which case the suspension of operation is likely to cause serious inconvenience to consumers of air transport services or to harm public interest, the Minister of the department may impose an administrative monetary penalty in lieu of the suspension of operation. In this regard, airline related civil money penalties are somewhat different from those of fair trade, which is the origin of the money penalties system in Korea. Civil money penalties in the field of fair trade are imposed on executive duty violations that undermine the value of the market economy order, and focus on reimbursement of profits due to violations and compensation for unfair spending by consumers. However, in the aviation sector, breach of duty by a business operator does not simply cause the property loss of the public, but it has a direct impact on life or property of the public. In this respect, aviation penalties are more likely to be administrative sanctions or punitive measures than refunds of unfair benefits, compared to penalties in the field of fair trade. In general, civil money penalties have been highly preferred as administrative sanctions because they are subject to investigations by administrative experts and thus, efficiency can be ensured and execution is quicker than judicial procedures. Moreover, in Korea, because punitive civil damages cannot awarded by the courts, the imposition of civil money penalties is recognized as a means of realizing social justice by recognizing the legal feelings of the people. However, civil money penalties are administrative sanctions, and in terms of effectiveness, they are similar to criminal fines, which are a form of punishment. Inadequate legislation and operation of penalties imposition may cause damage to the value of Constitution. Under the above recognition, this paper has been described for the purpose of identifying the present status of the civil money penalties imposition system and operating status in the area of air transport under the laws and regulations in Korea. Especially, this paper was focused on exploring the problem and improvement direction of Korean system through the comparative study with foreign laws and regulations.