• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

Purpose: For several decades, open reduction has been a controversial issue in mandibular condyle fracture. The authors have successfully used the open reduction and internal fixation with retromandibular approach and have found it to be satisfactory for mandibular condyle fracture. Methods: A total of 10 patients with mandibular condyle fracture underwent open surgical treatment using retromandibular approach. The incision for the retromandibular approach was carried below the ear lobe and the facial nerve branches were identified. Dissection was continued until the fracture site was exposed and internal fixation was performed with miniplate following intermaxillary fixation. The average period of joint immobilization was 1 weeks and the arch bars were removed in 3 weeks on average. The preoperative and postoperative panoramic view and three-dimensional computed tomography were compared. During the follow up period, we evaluated the presence of malocclusion, chin deviation, trismus, pain, click sound, facial nerve palsy, hypertrophic scar and skin fistula. Results: According to the radiographic findings, the fractured condyle was reducted satisfactorily in all patients without any symptoms of facial palsy. During the follow up period ranged form 6 to 12 months, all clinical symptoms were improved except in one case with chin deviation and malocclusion. Conclusion: Using open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular condyle fracture with retromandibular approach, all results were satisfactory with good functional outcomes and minimal complication. We concluded that the open surgical treatment should be considered as the first choice for mandibular condyle fracture management.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2010

Purpose: Surgical approaches to the condylar neck and subcondyle area can cause some morbidity such as, facial nerve injury, time-consuming nature and external scar etc. So many surgeons hesitate using open reduction and internal fixation for the treatment of subcondylar fractures. We report open reduction and internal fixation of subcondylar fractures in 13 adult patients via transmasseteric approach. Methods: From 2007 to 2009, 13 adults with subcondylar fracture of mandible were treated with open reduction and internal fixation via transmasseteric approach. A preauricular incision was extended downwards in a curvilinear fashion in the cervicomastoid skin crease. Skin flap was elevated above the SMAS layer. Masseter muscle was splitted at the anteroinferior edge of the parotid gland. After the fracture was reduced, fixed with appropriate plates and screws. All operation were performed under general anesthesia. Results: Mean follow-up period was 13.3 months. There were no signs and symptoms of facial nerve injury, difficulty in mouth opening, or malocclusion. Dissection time was roughly within 30 minutes. Conclusion: Transmasseteric open reduction and internal fixation of mandible subcondylar fracture can be performed with excellent visualization, and inconspicuous scar. It also offers swift access to the subcondylar area while substatially reducing the risk to the facial nerve and eliminating the complications associated with transparotid approaches.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2011

Introduction: Endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation (EAORIF) reduces the amount of facial scaring, but limitations, such as the possibility to convert to the open technique and the large learning curve, remain. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 19 patients diagnosed as lateral overridden subcondyle fractures and treated with endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation at Yonsei University Health System from December 2006 to August 2010 were reviewed. Results: 11 patients underwent temporary discomfort or pain such as limitation of mouth opening, temporomandibular joint discomfort, lip paresthesia or facial weakness, but the symptoms disappeared within 3 months. There was no severe long-term complication except 2 patients with re-fractures of operated subcondyles. Conclusion: Subcondyle fracture with lateral overridden proximal segment is a better indication of endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation than a condylar head/neck fracture, or medial overridden subcondyle fracture: allowing an anatomic reduction.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.190-195
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• 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the results of open reduction and internal fixation for displaced talar neck fracture. Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients were followed for more than 1 year after open reduction and internal fixation of displaced talar neck fracture. The mean age was 41.5 years, and the mean follow-up period was 3.8 years. There were 10 type II, 3 type III and 1 type IV fractures per Hawkins. There were 3 open fractures. Clinically AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale and Hawkins criteria were utilized. Radiologically quality of reduction, duration of bony union, avascular necrosis and posttraumatic arthritis were evaluated. Results: At last follow-up, AOFAS scale was mean 89.1 points. There were 8 excellent, 4 good, and 2 fair results according to Hawkins criteria. Radiologically anatomical reduction was obtained in 13 cases. Mean duration of bony union was 11.8 weeks. There were 3 avascular necrosis and 2 post-traumatic arthritis. There was no significant difference in the incidence of avascular necrosis between early operation group and surgically delayed group. Conclusion: Accurate open reduction and rigid internal fixation seem to be prerequisites for satisfactory treatment of a displaced talar neck fracture.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2019

Purpose: We perform an analysis of infection risk factors for fracture patients and confirm that the risk factors reported in previous studies increase the risk of actual infection among fractured patients. In addition, injury severity score (ISS) which is used as an evaluation tool for morbidity of trauma patients, confirms whether there is a relationship with infection after orthopedic fracture surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,818 patients who underwent fixation surgery at orthopedic trauma team, focused trauma center from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. Thirty-five patients were infected after fracture surgery. We analyzed age, sex, open fracture criteria based on Gustilo-Aderson classification 3b, anatomical location (upper extremity or lower extremity) of fracture, diabetes, smoking, ISS. Results: Of 1,818 patients, 35 (1.9%) were diagnosed with postoperative infection. Of the 35 infected patients, nine (25.7%) were female and five (14.0%) were upper extremity fractures. Three (8.6%) were diagnosed with diabetes and eight (22.8%) were smokers. Thirteen (37.1%) had ISS less than nine points and six (17.1%) had ISS 15 points or more. Of 1,818 patients, 80 had open fractures. Surgical site infection were diagnosed in 12 (15.0%) of 80. And nine of 12 were checked with Gustilo-Aderson classification 3b or more. Linear logistic regression analysis was performed using statistical analysis program Stata 15 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). In addition, independent variables were logistic regression analyzed individually after Propensity scores matching. In all statistical analyzes, only open fracture was identified as a risk factor. Conclusions: The risk factors for infection in fracture patients were found to be significantly influenced by open fracture rather than the underlying disease or anatomical feature of the patient. In the case of ISS, it is considered that there is a limitation. It is necessary to develop a new scoring system that can appropriately approach the morbidity of fracture trauma patients.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 2009

Purpose: Palatal fracture and mandible fracture result in instability of dental arch. Because they divide the maxillary and mandibular alveolus sagittally and / or transversely and comminute the dentition, they permit rotation of dental alveolar segments and significantly increase the potential for fracture malalignment, complicating fracture treatment. Previous treatment of palatal fracture consisted of palatal splint application and rigid palatal vault stabilization. This procedure result in patient's oral discomfort and removal of palate and screw. Mandible fracture often results in malocclusion due to widening of posterior aspect of dental arch. So we introduce more simple method using intermolar traction wiring, which can protect the widening of dental arch and rotation of dental alveolar segment. Methods: Arch bar and intermolar traction wiring with wire 1 - 0, or 2 - 0 was applied. After exposure of fracture line, neutrooclusion was maintained with intermaxillary fixation. And then open reduction & internal fixation on maxillary fracture line, commonly maxillary buttress, alveolar ridge, pyriform aperture except palatal vault or mandibular fracture line. After 1 week, intermolar traction wiring was removed. We checked occlusion and postoperative radiologic finding. Results: From June of 2007 to October of 2007, 10 patient, who have maxillary fracture with palatal fracture and mandible fracture, underwent open reduction & internal fixation with intermolar traction wiring. All have satisfactory occlusion and there were no complication, like gingiva disease, mouth opening impairment and nonunion. Conclusion: The intermolar traction wiring accompany open reduction and internal fixation can be alternative method for restoration of dental arch in facial bone fracture.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.521-528
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• 2010

Purpose: Anatomical reduction of the fractured condylar process is an important prerequisite for re-establishing function. The authors reported about effectiveness of transoral approach for mandibular subcondyle fracture using trochar device in cases that the fracture line is below the reference line, the perpendicular line of the longitudinal axis of condylar process passing the lowest point of sigmoid notch. As a serial study, we report the open reduction via preauricular approach for mandibular condyle fracture, in cases that the fracture line is above the reference line. Patients and Methods: Sixteen condylar fractures of 15 adult patients were divided two groups and treated by open reduction via preauricular approach (8 cases) or by closed reduction (8 cases). The degree of maximal mouth opening, occlusion, anatomical reduction, condylar resorption and complications were assessed and evaluated for the two groups. Results: The open reduction of condyle via preauricular approach leads to good results without permanent complications. Anatomical reduction of open reduction group and maximal mouth opening range of the closed reduction group is significantly better than the other group. No significant differences were found in the condylar resorption and the occlusion. Conclusion: The preauricular approach was useful to reduce and fix the condylar fragment, in cases that the fracture line is above the reference line.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.488-492
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• 2010

This review evaluates the literature on the relationship between mandibular condylar process fracture and temporomadibular joint (TMJ). The topic of condylar fracture generated more discussion and controversy than any other field of maxillofacial trauma associated with TMJ. Disturbance of occlusal function, devia-tion of mandible, internal derangements of TMJ, and ankylosis of the joint with resultant inability to move the jaw are sequelae of condylar process fracture. Thus it is necessary to understand how the masticatory system adapts to the structural alterations that accompany fractures of the mandibular condyle. Treatment of condylar process fracture include two methods ; closed treatment and open treatment. If one chooses totreat closed, one must understand that adaptations in the musculature, skeleton, and dentition will be necessary. Open treatment of condylar process fractures probably requires fewer adaptations within the masticatory system to provide a favorable functional outcome. However, one must weigh the risk of open surgery against the possible improvement in outcome. The risks are not just surgical risk, but biological risk as well, such as disruption of the blood supply to the condyle. This review presents relevant aspects of change of TMJ associated with condylar process fracture.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2012

According to Luhr's classification, a fracture in the mandible with a width of less than 15-20 mm is considered to be an atrophic mandibular fracture and its incidence is very rare. Because of the reduced cross-sectional area and smaller contact area of the fractured ends as well as the poorly vascularized bony structure and delayed bone healing, an atrophic mandibular fracture is a great challenge for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Surgeons tend to perform closed reduction, because open reduction is considered a non-life-saving surgery among elderly patients. Thus, most of them have limited experience in surgical management. According to recent reports, open reduction yields a good result, and the Association for Osteosynthesis (AO) group has recommended open reduction. This is a case report of our two experiences of open reduction and rigid fixation of atrophic mandibular fractures by the AO principle. Articles were also reviewed here.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.359-362
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• 2015

A Korean water deer was rescued after being hit by a motor vehicle. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a grade III open fracture of the right metacarpus with severe soft tissue injury. The water deer underwent closed reduction of the fracture, which was stabilized by the application of the Ilizarov method of 4-ring circular external skeletal fixation (CESF) as a minimally invasive technique. The water deer was successfully released into the wild. CESF was advantageous for the stabilization of open comminuted fracture and the management of a severely contaminated wound in a Korean water deer. CESF can be used successfully in wild deer with good tolerance and minimal complications.