• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.417-420
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• 2009

Neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. Dog is the definitive host for N. caninum and can infect dairy cattle. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Neospora oocysts in feces of dogs from dairy farms. A total of 174 fecal samples was collected from 89 farm dogs and 85 household dogs during 2006 and 2008. Fecal samples of dogs were microscopically examined for detecting Hammondia Neospora-like oocysts (HNLO) by Mini $Parasep^{(R)}SF$ fecal parasite concentrator. HNLO were microscopically detected in 4 fecal samples (2.2%). The fecal samples with HNLO were examined by N. caninum-specific PCR. Two of the samples were positive for N. caninum. The 2 positive fecal samples were selected for inoculation to calves. Two inoculated calves were seronegative by ELISA for 4 months post-infection. This is the first report of finding N. caninum DNA in feces of farm dogs in Mashhad area, Iran.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.317-319
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• 2014

The oocyst wall is severed by means of mechanical injury or chemical agents. This study reports the percentage of in vitro sporocyst release following mechanical shaking in the presence of varying sizes of glass beads. Glass beads measured 0.5, 1, and 3 mm in diameter and were shaken with the oocysts for different times ranging from 5 sec to 5 min. Approximately 80% of sporocysts were released with 5 min of shaking in the presence of 3 mm glass beads, as well as 30 sec with 0.5 mm beads and 1 mm glass beads. The release of sporocysts of E. tenella was most efficient using 1 mm glass beads and treatment times of 30 sec to 1 min. Therefore, the use of 1 mm glass beads with 30 sec to 1 min of agitation is recommended in order to maximize sporocyst release and recovery and to improve the yield of viable sporozoites for use in biochemical, tissue culture, and immunological applications of coccidia.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.183-186
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• 1985

Fecal samples from beef and dairy calves less than 12-month-old of Chonnam area were examined for coccidial oocysts. The percentages of cattle and coccidian species found were: Eimeria alabamensis. 9.4; E. auburnensis, 12.5; E. bovis, 29.9; E. brasiliensis, 1.5; E. bukidnonensis, 2.1; E. canadensis, 10.4; E. cylindrica, 7.5; E. ellipsoidalis, 11.5; E. pellita, 1.7; E. subspherica, 10.4; E. wyomingensis, 2.9; and E. zuernii, 22.5. Fifty five percent of the fecal samples from 521 calves were positive for oocysts, and clinical coccidiosis was not found in any of these calves. The number of species in positive samples ranged from 1 to 7.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 1993

Based on the morphologic characteristics of oocysts of the genus Isosporn, we have demonstrated that I. ohioensis is a relatively common Isosporn species in dogs which are resident in Chonbuk province, Korea. The prepatent period of 1. ohioensis was four days. The size of the unsporulated oocysts in fresh stool specimens was $22.9{\;}\times{\;}19.8{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ (R = 1.16). The size of the contracted sporonts was $17.4{\;}\times{\;}16.3{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ (R = 1.061). By 96 hours, sporulation is complete and the ratio of length/width was constant relatively. And the sizes of oocysts and sporocysts were $22.8{\;}\times{\;}20.5{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ (R = 1.11) and $15.0{\;}\times{\;}10.8{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ (R = 1.39), respectively. At this time it is most reliable for the measurements of oocyst sizes of 1. ohioensis to provide with the identifiable clues against the others. It is therefore recommended that the clinical fecal specimens suspected of isosporosis should first be incubated and aerated for 96 hours before a definitive parasitological diagnosis can be reached. These and other observations contribute to the understanding of the biological characteristics and laboratory and clinical diagnosis of isosporosis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.325-331
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• 1989

Five hundred and forty-eight samples of pig heart muscle were collected from the abattoirs of many regions in Korea to reveal the frequency of Sarcocystis infections and to identify the species from June 1988 to April 1989. Heart muscle of the pigs was inspected for sarcocysts by the direct detection technique and for bradyzoites by the trypsin digestion technique. For examination of development of the parasites in the final host, 5 cross bred mature dogs, 5 puppies and 5 kittens were fed 100g, 50g and 50g of the infected meat respectively, four times in 2 days. Of 402 fattened and 146 older culled breeding pigs, 3 fattened pigs and 39 culled pigs were positive for Sarcocystis. Sarcocystis cysts from heart muscle measured an average of $425{\times}169{\mu}m$ and bradyzoites an average of $15.6{\times}3.5{\mu}m$. Of 15 animals, only 2 puppies were infected with Sarcocystis. The prepatent period was 11 to 12 days and patent period was not examined since the puppies were infected with some another infections and one died on day 11 and another died on day 12 after ingestion of the meat. The sporulated oocysts were detected 11 days after ingestion of the meat and sporocysts 12 days from the puppy feces. The sporulated oocysts measured an average of $16.5{\times}11.5{\mu}m$ and sporocysts an average of $12.6{\times}7.9{\mu}m$. On scraping examination of the intestinal mucosa, fully sporulated oocysts were detected in the tip of the intestinal villi. Considering above all descriptions, Sarcocystis in pig heart muscle in Korea was identified with Sarcocystis suicanis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the inactivation characteristics of Cryptosporidium oocysts by ozone and UV and to suggest the better, disinfection method. The inactivation CT value of 1 log(90%) and 2 log(99%) in of one disinfection, which is an index of disinfection for inactivation effect by ozone, were respectively 5.77 $mg{\cdot}min/L$ and 21.30 $mg{\cdot}min/L$. The inactivation in UV disinfection was not affected by pHs(5, 7 and 9), low turbidity(5 and below NTU) and UV intensity(0.2 and 0.6 $mWs/cm^2$) but obviously decreased at high turbidity over 20 NTU. Therefore UV disinfection capacity can be obtained when a good turbidity removal in drinking water treatment process is achieved. And if oocysts is exposed by high UV over 0.6 mWs/cm2 during enough time, the better inactivation effect will be obtained.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1262-1266
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• 2005

Twelve Korean native goats, spontaneously infected with mixed species of Eimeria were used to study the possible direct anticoccidial effect of feeding condensed tannin-containing plants on the production of Eimeria oocysts. The effects of feeding pine (Pinus densifora) needles, oak (Quercus acutissima) leaves and lucerne chaff on coccidia oocyst output were studied for a period of 10 days post-feeding. The results indicate that feeding fresh pine needles (40 g condensed tannins (CT) dry matter (DM)/day/goat) and oak leaves (40 g CT DM/day/goat) in combination with lucerne chaff had rapid anticoccidial activities in goats as demonstrated by a sharp decrease in oocyst production. Two days after feeding, the numbers of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) from the goats fed pine needles with lucerne chaff, and from goats fed oak leaves reduced by 40% and 44% compared to pre-feeding, respectively. On the sixth day after commencing feeding pine needles and oak leaves, the reduction was 81% and 72%, respectively. Ten days after feeding pine needles and oak leaves, the OPG was reduced by 93% and 85%, respectively compared to pre-feeding. Statistical analysis showed that feeding pine needles and oak leaves to goats naturally infected with coccidia significantly (p<0.001) reduced the numbers of oocysts compared to the control group fed lucerne chaff only. Four clinically important species of coccidia, Eimeria parva, Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were identified in Korean native goats.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.745-747
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• 2015

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, is found worldwide and is common in areas with low water hygiene. In February 2014, 866 stool samples were collected from the inhabitants of 2 rural areas in White Nile State, Sudan. These stool samples were assessed by performing modified acid-fast staining, followed by examination under a light microscope. The overall positive rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 13.3%. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area having water purification systems and in 14.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area not having water purification systems. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection between men and women (14.7% and 14.1%, respectively). The positive rate of oocysts by age was the highest among inhabitants in their 60s (40.0%). These findings suggest that the use of water purification systems is important for preventing Cryptosporidium infection among inhabitants of these rural areas in Sudan.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.353-357
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• 2009

Cryptosporidium can cause gastrointestinal diseases worldwide, consequently posing public health problems and economic burden. Effective techniques for detecting contaminated oocysts in water are important to prevent and control the contamination. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method has been widely employed recently due to its efficiency, but, it is costly. Sucrose floatation technique is generally used for separating organisms by using their different specific gravity. It is effective and cheap but time consuming as well as requiring highly skilled personnel. Water turbidity and parasite load in water sample are additional factors affecting to the recovery rate of those 2 methods. We compared the efficiency of IMS and sucrose floatation methods to recover the spiked Cryptosporidium oocysts in various turbidity water samples. Cryptosporidium oocysts concentration at 1, $10^1$, $10^2$, and $10^3$ per $10{\mu}l$ were spiked into 3 sets of 10 ml-water turbidity (5, 50, and 500 NTU). The recovery rate of the 2 methods was not different. Oocyst load at the concentration < $10^2$ per 10 ml yielded unreliable results. Water turbidity at 500 NTU decreased the recovery rate of both techniques. The combination of sucrose floatation and immunofluorescense assay techniques (SF-FA) showed higher recovery rate than IMS and immunofluorescense assay (IMS-FA). We used this SF-FA to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia from the river water samples and found 9 and 19 out of 30 (30% and 63.3%) positive, respectively. Our results favored sucrose floatation technique enhanced with immunofluorescense assay for detecting contaminated protozoa in water samples in general laboratories and in the real practical setting.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.335-338
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• 1994

The tests on the oocysticidal effects of three formulations (75% o-dichlorobenzene, 7.5% cresol combined with morestan 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, respectively) against immature oocysts of Eimeria tenella, were carried out. A o-dichlorobenzene preparation (72.5% o-dichlorobenzene, 7.5% cresol) on the market was selected and tested as the control. The tests were divided into two ways, the one was evaluated at different dilutions and contact times. The other was performed at different storage days. The test results are summarized as follows. Oocysticidal effects of 100% were revealed at 1 to 3 hours contact time of all morestan combined preparations. On the other hand, the perfect oocysticidal effect was revealed only at 24 hours exposure time of 100 times dilution among dilutes of control preparation. Combined rate of morestan was higher, oocysticidal effect was better. In the latter test, all morestan combined formulations had 100% of oocysticidal effect up to 5 days storage after dilution and 86.4% to 96.7% at two weeks storage after dilution, whereas the oocysticidal effects of the control preparation was gradually decreased by the storage time was passed and there was no effect at 2 weeks storage after dilution. With these results, morestan combined preparations have synergistic effect against oocysts of E tenella and can be used as the most effective oocysticidal disinfectant for broiler industry in future.