• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to survey the eating habits and nutritional knowledge of children in Pusan, with a view to uncovering problems and their underlying causes and cultivating desirable dietary habit and nutrition for children. Three hundred and fifty six elementary school students were asked questions about their eating habits and nutritional knowledge as well as general information about their personal characteristics. The results showed: 1. Only 53.5% of the subjects had breakfast every day. Seventy-six percent of the subjects had dinner every day. Only 40% of the children took meals and talked with family at both breakfast and dinner. Thus there was little opportunity for dietary guidance by parents. 2. About half of the subjects answered that their appetite decreased after eating snack foods between meals. A third of the subjects liked the baked goods as snacks. Because of their high sugar and fat content, they can damage children's health, resulting in child diabetes and tooth decay. For this reason, careful education is necessary to allow children to be able to select snack foods that are appropriate in kind and quantity. 3. About 85% of the subjects had an unbalanced diet. Therefore systematic nutrition education at school is necessary to instill in children the value of balanced diet. 4. Children preferred rice to other cereals as a staple food. They disliked kimchi, seasoned and blanched foods and salads as subsidiary foods. It is therefore necessary to teach children systematically the nutritional advantage of cereals and vegetables and to heighten their awareness of Korean food culture. 5. Children had a low level of nutritional knowledge. The knowledge of specific nutrients was lower than that of foods. In conclusion, systematical educational programs need to be developed at elementary school. These should include information about achieving a balanced diet, good eating habit, meal management and Korean dietary culture. Nutritional education at home must be emphasized.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.50-58
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• 2016

The design of children's hospitals is highly dependent on color schemes. As a space shared together by both adults and children, the design of children's hospitals require color coordination that takes account of the users' characteristics. Visual perception tracking experiment was conducted on the 2 chosen experimental images with a target group made up of adults and children, the following results were found. First, visual attention characteristics of spatial elements' colors were found. The contrast of colors were discovered to effect attention, especially the information desk region showed highest attention. Pillars are subjected to a higher attention relative to other spatial elements, it is suggested when using accent colors to use it only when it is absolutely necessary in partial areas. In contrast, floor patterns were found to be subjected to very low attention relative to other elements. Second, effects of color contrast on visual attention were uncovered. Although color contrast effects attention for both adults and children, children were found to be more effected by color contrast than adults. Especially, children's tendency to rely on color contrast for visual recognition was higher than adults. Since when using only one type on a wide surface children show higher attention on the < vivid > colors than adults, when planning a color coordination for children using < pale > colors instead of < vivid > ones in background for a large surface is seen as a more desired method to increase attention by putting emphasis on the [sharply contrasting] colors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

This study examined the influences of age, offenders' intention, victims' emotional reactions on the moral emotional understanding of preschool children. Eighty eight children aged 4, 5, and 6 participated in this study, and were interviewed using four moral transgression stories. The responses of the children were then analyzed in terms of the levels of moral emotional understanding, from error through to the understanding of secondary emotions. The results indicated that older children showed higher levels of moral emotional understanding than younger children. Additionally, children's moral emotional understanding was higher in situations in which offenders' behaviors were intentional, and in which the victims expressed sadness. The attribution of moral emotions was influenced by victims' emotional reactions only in 6-year-old children. Discussion of these results also included the development of intervention programs for children with aggressive behaviors, as well as a number of suggestions for future study.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the moderating effects of peer competence between children's perception of parenting attitudes and depression among $5^{th}$ grade elementary students. The differences are examined based by gender. Methods: 'The Children's Perception of the Parenting Attitudes Inventory', 'Children's Depression Inventory', and 'Peer Competence Inventory' were used to collect data from 200 elementary school students from Seoul, Korea. The research hypothesis were analyzed using t-tests, Pearson's correlation analysis, standard linear regression analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis via SPSS 21.0. Results: The results are as follows: First, only peer competence showed a difference between the boys and girls, where the boys scored higher than the girls. Second, there was a significant correlation between all the factors. Third, the moderating effect of peer competence on the father's parenting attitude was supported only in the boys. Conclusion: The results denote the need of a gendered approach to understanding problems and developing counseling programs to address depression among children. They also demonstrate that high peer competence can be used to treat depression in boys dissatisfied with their father' parenting attitude.

• MALSORI
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• no.65
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• pp.51-65
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to compare ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) children with normal children in terms of the prosodic features. Materials are collected by the reading of Korean read sentences. They are composed of 10 declarative sentences, each of which was consisted of 5-6 words. Subjects are consisted of 10 ASD and 10 normal male children with a receptive vocabulary age of 5;0-6;5 years. We found out that both groups showed the differences not only in the tonal patterns at the end of the prosodic phrases, but also in both the degree of rising and falling slope related to pitch contour. While HL% and HLH% were highly emerged in sentence final position in normal group, HL% and HLH% were prominent in ASD group in the same position. LH% and LHL% IP types were observed only in ASD group in sentence medial position. The slope showing the variation in the fundamental frequency at the end of the prosodic phrase was twice as steep in the group of ASD children as in the group of normal children.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.463-468
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was evaluation of the oral health of cerebral palsied children by considering the DMFT index. The 31 cerebral palsied children(Male 20, Female 11) participated in the study, and mean age was 11.3 years. All patient were examined for determination of decayed tooth, missing tooth, filled tooth. For children with only deciduous dentition, the dmf system was used; for children with only permanent dentition, the DMF system was used; for children with mixed dentition, a combination of two systems(dmf and DMF) was used. The results were as follows: 1. In the deciduous dentition, dmft index was 11.60.(dt rate ; 83.62%, mt rate ; 12.07%, ft rate ; 4.31 %) 2. In the mixed dentition, DMFT index was 12.25 and dmft index was 10.75.(DT rate ; 90.00 %, MT rate ; 0 %, FT rate ; 10.00 %, dt rate ; 60.53 %, mt rate ; 28.95 %, ft rate ; 10.52 % ) 3. In the permanent dentition, DMFT index was 8.16.(DT rate ; 87.77 %, MT rate ; 11.51 %, FT rate ; 0.72 %)

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.19-33
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• 1998

The relationships of maternal childrearing behaviors and peer experiences to children's self-esteem were examined with a sample of 433 5th- and 6th-grade elementary school students (236 boys and 197 girls) and their mothers. Children answered the questionnaires on peer experience (victimization by peers and peer aggression) and self-esteem, and their mothers answered the questionnaires on maternal childrearing behaviors. Maternal warmth was significantly related to children's self-esteem both in boys and girls. The warmer their mothers, the higher the children's self-esteem. Maternal permissiveness/nonintervention was related to self-esteem only in boys; the more permissive/nonintervention the mothers, the lower the boys self-esteem. Peer experiences (victimization by peers and peer aggression) were significantly related to self-esteem both in boys and girls; the more victimization by peers and peer aggression, the lower their self-esteem. Maternal warmth was related to victimization by peers only in girls; the warmer the mothers, the less victimization by peers experienced by girls. The effect of maternal warmth on self-esteem was mediated by victimization by peers for girls, which indicates that maternal warmth doesn't have a direct influence but an indirect influence on victimization by peers of children. Victimization by peers was related to peer aggression both in boys and girls. The more victimization by peers they experienced, the more peer aggression they showed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.90-106
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• 1993

This study attempted to analyze the psychological impact of mentally retarded children on their normal siblings in the family. The data were collected from siblings of 130 mentally retarded children using a questionnaire with a semantic differential scale. ANOVA and simple correlation coefficient tests were employed to examine the relationship between the siblings’ self-concept and psychological frustration. The major results of the study are as following. 1. Female siblings showed a lower degree of self-concept than male siblings. 2. No significant relationship was found between self-concept and frustration stimuli. 3. Parent related frustration stimuli was no significantly different in sex age, siblings, religion, and retardation level of mentally retarded children. 4. Siblings related frustration stimuli was significantly related to only one item in sex. 5. Their peers related frustration stimuli while sex as well as religion was significantly related to only one item.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.15-19
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to provide some information on frequencies of occurrence for units of Korean phonemes and syllables analysing spontaneous speech spoken by 3 to 8-year-old Korean children. 49 Korean Children(7${\sim}$10 children for each age) were employed as subjects for this study. Speech data were recorded and phonemically transcribed. 120 utterances for each child were selected for analysis except one child whose data were only 91 utterances. The data size of the present study were 5,971 utterances, 5,1554 syllables, and 105491 phonemes. Among 19 consonants, /n/ showed highest frequency rate of these four conson ants were over 50% for all age groups. Among 18 vowels, /a/ was the most frequent one and /i/ and / ${\wedge}$ were the second and third respectively. The frequency rate of these four consonants were over 50% for all age groups. Frequently occurring syllable types were a part of grammatical word in most cases. Only 5${\sim}$6% of syllable types covered 50% of speech.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

Objectives Many parents are stressed from their children with anorexia, so this study was planned to investigate the growth state of the children with anorexia and the main concerns of their parents. Methods We searched some medical documents regarding 21 children with anorexia and performed questionnaires on their parents. Results 21 children (male 14, female 7) were studied, the average age of children was $53.62{\pm}20.46$ months, the average height was $102.93{\pm}12.36cm$, the average weight was $16.37{\pm}1.31kg$, the average BMI was $15.26{\pm}1.31$. 16(76.10%) parents have experienced stress regarding their children's slow weight increase. There was no relationship between BMI of the children and the degree of stress of their parents. The parents tend to scold or to give nutrition supplement to their children to solve the anorexia. Many of the parents considered their children has anorexia just by looking at the children's attitude towards to the meals or when children had food whatever it given only. Conclusions The children with anorexia were mostly developed poorly. However, the parents who had children were developing nicely were also stressed because of their children's picky eating behavior and the difficults in coaching their children food.