• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제45호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2003

This paper criticizes S. Kim (1992), claiming that the perception of place cues in the reduced stop consonant clusters ('reducing' means 'cutting off' the acoustic silence in stop clusters) largely depends on the acoustic characteristics such as formant transition and noise frequency distribution of stop burst, rather than the closure duration time as advocated by S. Kim (1992). The claim is based on the perception test conducted upon 111 stimuli over 10 subjects. The finding is that, when the closure duration is cut off up to the point where only one stop is perceived, place of the second stop, not the first one, in the cluster is in most cases perceived regardless of the places of the first and second stops. It is likely that the place cues of the stop in the prevocalic position mask those in the postvocalic position.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2003

Recently, the cluster-based industrial policy has become a powerful policy tool for strengthening the competitiveness of nations, industries and firms. The concept of cluster develops as firms choose to locate in each others proximity. Cluster concept can be usefully applied to analyze cluster of port-related activities. Port cluster can be used as a systematic foundation for providing one-stop value added logistics service to its customers. The main purpose of this paper is to suggest a way for establishing the port cluster in Korean seaport. For this aim, the paper defines a concept of port cluster and examines the its necessity. And the procedure for establishment of port cluster in Korea is proposed. In addition, the paper analyzed the port cluster structure-conduit-performance. Especially, the role of port cluster's participants, central and local government, universities and related R＆D institutes, and private companies, are suggested respectively. As a conclusion, policy suggestions for the establishment of port cluster in Korea are suggested.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.381-406
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• 2015

Russian nasal consonants / m /, / n / have a feature value not only [+consonant] in common with obstruents, but also [+sonorant] in common with vowels. Nasal / m /(bi-labial) and / n /(dental) have the same place of articulation but different manner of articulation. The feature value of / m / is [+cons, +son, +nas, +ant, -cor, -high, -low, -back, -cont, -del, rel, -strid, +voic], and that of / n / is [+cons, +son, +nas, +ant, +cor, -high, -low, -back, -cont, -del, rel, -strid, + voic]. There is a difference in feature [cor] value of / m / and / n /. In this study it is confirmed that it is a fact that the Russian nasal consonants behave differently from the other consonants in each phonological phenomenon due to their phonological characteristics. The preceding voiced obstruent is changed to an unvoiced one in a process where the last voiceless obstruent in the consonant cluster ' voiced obstruent + nasal /m/ + voiceless obstruent' skips the nasal consonant and spreads its feature value to the preceding voiced obstruent transparently because of the feature [+sonorant] of the nasal consonant. The coronal nasal /n/ participates in a palatalization with the following palatal actively and palatalize preceding plain consonants passively because of markedness hierarchy such as 'Velar > Labial > Coronal'. But the labial nasal /m/ is palatalized with the following velar palatal actively and participates in a palatalization with the following coronal palatal passively. This result helps us confirm the phonological difference of /m/ and /n/ in a palatalization. When the a final consonant is nasal, the unvoicing phenomenon of a final consonant doesn't occur. In such a case as cluster 'obstruent + nasal' the feature value [voiced] of the preceding obstruent doesn't change, but the following nasal can assimilate into the preceding obstruent. When continuing the same nasals / -nn- / in a consonant cluster, the feature value [+cont] of a weak position leads the preceding nasal / n / to be changed into [-cont] / l /. Through the analysis of the frequency of occurrences of consonants in syllabic onsets and codas that should observe the 'Sonority Sequence Principle', the sonority hierarchy of nasal consonants has been confirmed. In a diachronic perspective following nasal / m /, / n / there is a loss of the preceding labial stop and dental stop. But in clusters with the velar stop+nasal, the two-component cluster has been kept phonetically intact.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2004년도 ICEIC The International Conference on Electronics Informations and Communications
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• pp.330-333
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• 2004

Microsensor nodes is energy limited in sensor networks. If nodes had been stop in working, sensor network can't acquire sensing data in that area as well as routing path though the sensor can't be available. So, it's important to maximize the life of network in sensor network. In this paper, we look at communication protocol, which is modified by LEACH(Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). We extend LEACH's stochastic cluster-head selection algorithm by a Position-based Selection (PB-Leach). This method is that the sink divides the topology into several areas and cluster head is only one in an area. PB-Leach can prevent that the variance of the number of Cluster-Head is large and Cluster-Heads are concentrated in specific area. Simulation results show that PB-Leach performs better than leach by about 100 to $250\%.$

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.111-132
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• 2005

With the globalization of economy, there is keen competition among countries to be a logistics hub and companies are striving to be first in establishing logistics system centering on advantageous sites, especially airport and seaports, to perform supply, production and distribution. Korea competing with Northeast Asia countries is also working out strategies in order to make Korea penninsula a logistics center of Northeast Asia taking advantage of its geographical strength. Gwangyang port has designated as Free Economic Zone together with Pusan and Jinhae, Incheon from October 24th, 2003. However, the introduction of Free Economic Zone in Korea lagged behind other major countries and it has a lot of operational problems. Approximately 600 areas worldwide are designated and operated as a Free Economic Zone and Gwangyang port and its surrounding area has several points to be settled as one of FEZ. First one is its limited functions and related laws on Gwangyang Bay. Next is imperfection on development, investment and management system of the FEZ. Lack of promotion activities could be one of the problems. If we want to activate the FEZ, we must induce investment at Gwangyang Bay. This paper analyzes the above problems and presents various measures to activate Gwangyang Free Economic Zone by inducing investment for innovation cluster as follows Benchmarking to promote Gwangyang Free Economic Zone as follows Benchmarking other countries' system, governmental support, introduction & logistics functions, early development of the hinterland, supply ofeffective one-stop service, investment attraction into the area and diversified promotion & marketing activities.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.251-259
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• 2000

사용자에 대한 서버의 가용성과 확장성에 대한 의존도가 커지면서 중단 없는 작업 활동을 보장하는 견고한 서버 기술의 필요성이 커지고 있다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 가용성과 확장성을 위한 서버 구축 방안에 관해서 논한다. 이를 위하여 클라이언트의 요구를 처리하는 서버를 클러스터로 구성하였다. 본 논문의 타당성 검토를 위하여 소켓 응용 프로그램과 이 응용 프로그램에 대한 클러스터 리소스 DLL, 관리 DLL을 설계 구현하였다. 그리고 클러스터 서버를 이용하여 응용 프로그램을 한 서버에서 나머지 서버로 재배치함으로써 서버내의 응용프로그램이 결함이 생긴 서비스에 영향을 받지 않고 계속적으로 동작한다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2013

This study examined several kinematic properties of the primary articulator (the tongue dorsum) and the supplementary articulator (the jaw) in the articulation of the voiceless velar stop (/k/) within nonassimilating contexts. We examined in particular the spatiotemporal properties (constriction duration and constriction maxima) from the constriction onset to the constriction offset by analyzing a velar (/k/) followed by the coronal fricative (/s/), the coronal stop (/t/), and the labial (/p/) in across-word boundary conditions (/k#s/, /k#t/, and /k#p/). Along with these measurements, we investigated intergestural temporal coordination between C1 and C2 and the jaw articulator in relation to its coordination with the articulation of consonant sequences. The articulatory movement data was collected by means of electromagnetic midsagittal articulometry (EMMA). Four native speakers of Seoul Korean participated in the laboratory experiment. The results showed several characteristics. First, a velar (/k/) in C1 was not categorically reduced. Constriction duration and constriction degree of the velar (/k/) were similar within nonassimilating contexts (/k#s/=/k#t/=/k#p/). This might mean that spatiotemporal attributes during constriction duration were stable and consistent across different contexts, which might be subsequently associated with the nontarget status of the velar in place assimilation. Second, the gestural overlap could be represented as the order of /k#s/ (less) < /k#p/ (intermediate) < /k#t/ (more) as we measured the onset-to-onset lag (a longer lag indicated shorter gestural overlap.). This indicates a gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts may not be constrained by any of the several constraints including the perceptual recoverability constraint (e.g., more overlap in Front-to-Back sequences compared to the reverse order (Back-to-Front) since perceptual cues in C1 can be recovered anytime during C2 articulation), the low-level speech motor constraint (e.g., more overlap in lingual-nonlingual sequences as compared to the lingual-lingual sequences), or phonological contexts effects (e.g., similarity in gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts). As one possible account for more overlap in /k#t/ sequences as compared to /k#p/, we suspect speakers' knowledge may be receptive to extreme encroachment on C1 by the gestural overlap of the coronal in C2 since it does not obscure the perceptual cue of C1 as much as the labial in C2. Third, actual jaw position during C2 was higher in coronals (/s/, /t/) than in the labial (/p/). However, within the coronals, there was no manner-dependent jaw height difference in C2 (/s/=/t/). Vertical jaw position of C1 and C2 was seen as inter-dependent as higher jaw position in C1 was closely associated with C2. Lastly, a greater gap in jaw height was associated with longer intergestural timing (e.g., less overlap), but was confined to the cluster type (/kp/) with the lingual-nonlingual sequence. This study showed that Korean jaw articulation was independent from coordinating primary articulators in gestural overlap in some cluster types (/k#s/, /k#t/) while not in others (e.g., /k#p/). Overall, the results coherently indicate the velar stop (/k/) in C1 was robust in articulation, which may have subsequently contributed to the nontarget status of the velar (/k/) in place assimilation processes.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.169-186
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• 2010

부산지역 지식경영을 위한 혁신클러스터 모델을 구축하게 되면, 첫째, 기존의 산업집적론에 비하여 과학기술인프라, 선진적인 고객욕구 충족에는 새로운 생산요소의 중요성이 요구되는 데, 이것은 경쟁력의 기반이 되는 지식베이스의 새로운 시대에 적합한 로케이션으로 전문화가 요구되는 스킬이나 지식, 레벨이 높은 모델이 반드시 필요하다. 둘째, 클러스터의 개념과 모델은 단순히 기업만이 아니고, 대학, 연구기관, 금융기관, 정부와 지자체 등의 다양한 조직을 포함하고 있는 특징을 가지고 있다. 셋째, 집적의 효과로서 비용의 최소화를 강조하는 전통적인 집적론에 비하여 클러스터 이론에서는 이노베이션의 의의를 지적하고 있다. 이것은 글로벌화나 정보기술의 발달로 인하여 환경변화가 급속하게 진전하고 있는 속에서, 국가나 지역의 경쟁우위의 원천으로서 이노베이션의 실현을 통하여 생산성의 중요성을 나타내고 있다. 넷째, 클러스터의 모델은 네트워크를 베이스로 한 협조관계에 있다고 하는 잘못된 이해가 실무자들을 시작으로 연구자들 상호간에도 클러스터 안에서 전개되고 있는 치열한 경쟁(특히, 이노베이션을 중심으로 한 경쟁)이 지역의 경쟁우위를 유지하기 위하여 없어서는 안 되는 프로그램을 명시하고 있다. 따라서 부산지역의 새로운 발전 모델은 기술개발의 낙후, 인력과 원자재 확보의 어려움 등 많이 있지만, 이를 완화 내지는 극복할 수 있는 혁신적인 프로그램이 없는 문제점을 해결할 수 있다.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.128-139
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• 2022

식용곤충은 영양적, 친환경적, 경제적, 기능성 등의 장점을 가지고 있어 미래 대체식량으로 주목받고 있음에도 불구하고 현재까지 소비는 저조한 실정이므로 새로운 소비촉진 방안 마련이 시급하다. 따라서 인구밀도가 가장 높은 서울시민을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 ① 식용곤충의 외형에 대한 혐오감, ② 식품공전에 신규 등록된 식용곤충에 대한 홍보 부족, ③ 지속적인 양질의 식용곤충 공급 및 식품·제품 판매의 어려움이라는 식용곤충 산업의 문제점을 도출하였다. 식용곤충 산업 활성화를 위해서는 본 연구에서 제안한 다양한 홍보활동을 통해 우선 식용곤충의 가치나 혐오감 개선에 앞서 식용곤충의 존재를 널리 알리는 것이 선행되어야 할 것이다. 이미·이취를 감소시키고 풍미를 향상시켜 식용곤충이 맛있는 먹거리로 각인된다면 소비촉진은 자연스럽게 이루어질 것이라 생각된다. 새로운 식재료인 곤충에 대한 호기심은 있으나 어떻게 조리해야 하는지 모르는 분들을 위한 다양한 조리 교육이 이루어 진다면 식용곤충은 누구나 손쉽고 맛있게 먹을 수 있을 것이다. 어떠한 식재료보다 믿을 수 있는 먹거리로 자리매김하기 위해, 복합공간인 원스톱 클러스터에서 품질관리를 통한 수매가 이루어지고, 그 자리에서 바로 교육 및 제품판매까지 이루어진다면 소비자에게 보다 편의성을 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이라 판단된다. 이러한 다방면의 활성화 방안을 통해 미래대체 식량으로써 식용곤충 산업이 활성화된다면 국민건강증진과 관련 산업 소득증대를 기대할 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aims to examine spatial characteristics of ambulatory care department Chronologically through case studies; and to consider the social implication of these spatial changes. Methods: In this study, a total of eight ambulatory care departments, one or two for each period, were selected in order to analyze the spatial characteristics. Results: First, since the 1990s, the outpatient department of the US has been changed into a patient-centered space by providing high quality outpatient medical services through individual exam room planning. Second, the exam room has been changed from open/semi-open/group exam room to individual exam room since 1990, and the trend is shifting from the cluster type to the modular type consisting of universal exam rooms in order to achieve the flexibility of exam room. Third, the diagnostic/testing area has been deployed to the ambulatory clinic to enable 'one-stop shopping' for patients-centered care since 1990s, however, it has been disappearing since 2000 due to Reduce medical expenses. Fourth, the Central Nursing Station type first appeared in the outpatient department In the 2000s, followed by the type of decentralized nursing station type since 2010s. And fifth, the area of medical support has been placing to be concentrated on one place due to the Lean Design strategy since 2010. Implications: In the future, it is expected that Korea will be more focused on efficiency, visual control, and flexibility in the planning of the ambulatory care department as in the case of the United States.