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사람혀편평상피세포암종세포에서 proteasome 억제제인 lactacystin에 의해 유도된 세포자멸사의 기전에 대한 연구 (Mechanism Underlying a Proteasome Inhibitor, Lactacystin-Induced Apoptosis on SCC25 Human Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells)

  • 백철중;김규천;김인령;이승은;곽현호;박봉수;태일호;고명연;안용우
    • Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.261-276
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    • 2009
  • Sreptomyces라는 세균에서 추출한 lactacystin은 선택적인 proteasome 억제제로서 많은 연구에서 사용되어져 왔다. Proteasome 억제제는 최근의 많은 연구를 통해서 암세포증식의 억제에 대한 효과가 증명되었으며, 특히 다른 항암제와 병용처리 시, 상호작용에 의한 상승효과가 있다고 알려져 있다. 현재 proteasome 억제제는 새로운 강력한 항암제로서 분류되어 있다. 본 연구는 사람혀편평세포암종세포(SCC25 cells)에서 lactacystin의 세포독성과 성장억제 효과, 그리고 세포자멸사의 유도에 대한 분자생물학적 기전을 밝히기 위해 실험을 시행하였다. SCC25 세포, 사람정상각화세포 (HaCaT cells) 그리고 사람치은섬유모세포(HGF-1 cells)의 생존율 측정은 MTT법을 시행하였고, SCC25 세포의 성장억제를 확인하기 위해서는 clonogenic assay를 사용하였다. lactcystin이 SCC25 세포에서 세포자멸사가 유도되는지를 확인하기 위해서 hoechst 염색법, hemacolor 염색법 그리고 TUNEL법을 시행하였다. 그리고 SCC25 세포에 lactacystin을 적용한 후, Western blot 분석, 세포면역화학염색, 공초점레이저주사현미경 검경, FACScan flow cytometry, 사립체막 전위변화, proteasome 활성도 측정 등을 시행하였다. Lactacystin으로 처리된 SCC25 세포는 시간 및 용량 의존적인 세포생존율의 감소, 용량의존적인 세포성장억제 그리고 세포자멸사에 의한 세포죽음을 보였다. 흥미롭게도 lactacytin은 정상세포인 HaCat 세포와 HGF-1 세포에서는 세포독성을 전혀 보이지 않았다. 그리고 lactacystin이 적용된 SCC25세포에서 핵 응축, DNA의 조각남, 사립체막전위와 proteasome 활성도의 감소, DNA 양의 감소, cytochrome c의 사립체에서의 세포질로의 유리, AIF와 DFF40 (CAD)의 핵으로의 이동, Bax의 증가, caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP, lamin A/C 그리고 DFF45 (ICAD)의 활성화 혹은 파괴와 같은 아주 다양한 세포자멸사 증거를 보였다. Flow cytometry 분석에서는 CDK 억제제인 $p21^{WAF1/CIP1}$$p27^{KIP1}$의 발현 증가와 관계있는 것으로 추정되어 지는 G1 세포주기 정지를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 lactacytin이 SCC25 세포에서 G1 세포주기정지와 proteasome, 사립체 및 caspase 경로의 연속반응을 통한 세포자멸사를 유도함을 명확하게 증명하고 있다. 이와 같은 세포주기 정지와 세포자멸사 유도능은 lactacytin이 사람혀편평상피세포암종의 새로운 치료전략으로서의 가능성을 제공한다고 생각한다.

간호학 교과과정 개선을 위한 조사 연구 (A Study on improvement of curriculum in Nursing)

  • 김애실
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제4권2호
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 1974
  • This Study involved the development of a survey form and the collection of data in an effort-to provide information which can be used in the improvement of nursing curricula. The data examined were the kinds courses currently being taught in the curricula of nursing education institutions throughout Korea, credits required for course completion, and year in-which courses are taken. For the purposes of this study, curricula were classified into college, nursing school and vocational school categories. Courses were directed into the 3 major categories of general education courses, supporting science courses and professional education course, and further subdirector as. follows: 1) General education (following the classification of Philip H. phoenix): a) Symbolics, b) Empirics, c) Aesthetics. 4) Synthetics, e) Ethics, f) Synoptic. 2) Supporting science: a) physical science, b) biological science, c) social science, d) behavioral science, e) Health science, f) Educations 3) Professional Education; a) basic courses, b) courses in each of the respective fields of nursing. Ⅰ. General Education aimed at developing the individual as a person and as a member of society is relatively strong in college curricula compared with the other two. a) Courses included in the category of symbolics included Korean language, English, German. Chines. Mathematics. Statics: Economics and Computer most college curricula included 20 credits. of courses in this sub-category, while nursing schools required 12 credits and vocational school 10 units. English ordinarily receives particularly heavy emphasis. b) Research methodology, Domestic affair and women & courtney was included under the category of empirics in the college curricula, nursing and vocational school do not offer this at all. c) Courses classified under aesthetics were physical education, drill, music, recreation and fine arts. Most college curricula had 4 credits in these areas, nursing school provided for 2 credits, and most vocational schools offered 10 units. d) Synoptic included leadership, interpersonal relationship, and communications, Most schools did not offer courses of this nature. e) The category of ethics included citizenship. 2 credits are provided in college curricula, while vocational schools require 4 units. Nursing schools do not offer these courses. f) Courses included under synoptic were Korean history, cultural history, philosophy, Logics, and religion. Most college curricular 5 credits in these areas, nursing schools 4 credits. and vocational schools 2 units. g) Only physical education was given every Year in college curricula and only English was given in nursing schools and vocational schools in every of the curriculum. Most of the other courses were given during the first year of the curriculum. Ⅱ. Supporting science courses are fundamental to the practice and application of nursing theory. a) Physical science course include physics, chemistry and natural science. most colleges and nursing schools provided for 2 credits of physical science courses in their curricula, while most vocational schools did not offer t me. b) Courses included under biological science were anatomy, physiologic, biology and biochemistry. Most college curricula provided for 15 credits of biological science, nursing schools for the most part provided for 11 credits, and most vocational schools provided for 8 units. c) Courses included under social science were sociology and anthropology. Most colleges provided for 1 credit in courses of this category, which most nursing schools provided for 2 creates Most vocational school did not provide courses of this type. d) Courses included under behavioral science were general and clinical psychology, developmental psychology. mental hygiene and guidance. Most schools did not provide for these courses. e) Courses included under health science included pharmacy and pharmacology, microbiology, pathology, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, and Chinese medicine. Most college curricula provided for 11 credits, while most nursing schools provide for 12 credits, most part provided 20 units of medical courses. f) Courses included under education included educational psychology, principles of education, philosophy of education, history of education, social education, educational evaluation, educational curricula, class management, guidance techniques and school & community. Host college softer 3 credits in courses in this category, while nursing schools provide 8 credits and vocational schools provide for 6 units, 50% of the colleges prepare these students to qualify as regular teachers of the second level, while 91% of the nursing schools and 60% of the vocational schools prepare their of the vocational schools prepare their students to qualify as school nurse. g) The majority of colleges start supporting science courses in the first year and complete them by the second year. Nursing schools and vocational schools usually complete them in the first year. Ⅲ. Professional Education courses are designed to develop professional nursing knowledge, attitudes and skills in the students. a) Basic courses include social nursing, nursing ethics, history of nursing professional control, nursing administration, social medicine, social welfare, introductory nursing, advanced nursing, medical regulations, efficient nursing, nursing english and basic nursing, College curricula devoted 13 credits to these subjects, nursing schools 14 credits, and vocational schools 26 units indicating a severe difference in the scope of education provided. b) There was noticeable tendency for the colleges to take a unified approach to the branches of nursing. 60% of the schools had courses in public health nursing, 80% in pediatric nursing, 60% in obstetric nursing, 90% in psychiatric nursing and 80% in medical-surgical nursing. The greatest number of schools provided 48 crudites in all of these fields combined. in most of the nursing schools, 52 credits were provided for courses divided according to disease. in the vocational schools, unified courses are provided in public health nursing, child nursing, maternal nursing, psychiatric nursing and adult nursing. In addition, one unit is provided for one hour a week of practice. The total number of units provided in the greatest number of vocational schools is thus Ⅲ units double the number provided in nursing schools and colleges. c) In th leges, the second year is devoted mainly to basic nursing courses, while the third and fourth years are used for advanced nursing courses. In nursing schools and vocational schools, the first year deals primarily with basic nursing and the second and third years are used to cover advanced nursing courses. The study yielded the following conclusions. 1. Instructional goals should be established for each courses in line with the idea of nursing, and curriculum improvements should be made accordingly. 2. Course that fall under the synthetics category should be strengthened and ways should be sought to develop the ability to cooperate with those who work for human welfare and health. 3. The ability to solve problems on the basis of scientific principles and knowledge and understanding of man society should be fostered through a strengthening of courses dealing with physical sciences, social sciences and behavioral sciences and redistribution of courses emphasizing biological and health sciences. 4. There should be more balanced curricula with less emphasis on courses in the major There is a need to establish courses necessary for the individual nurse by doing away with courses centered around specific diseases and combining them in unified courses. In addition it is possible to develop skill in dealing with people by using the social setting in comprehensive training. The most efficient ratio of the study experience should be studied to provide more effective, interesting education Elective course should be initiated to insure a man flexible, responsive educational program. 5. The curriculum stipulated in the education law should be examined.

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전산화단층촬영법을 이용한 하악 전돌증 환자의 하악지 시상 골절단술후 하악과두 위치변화 분석 (EVALUATION OF CONDYLAR POSITION USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPH FOLLOWING BILATERAL SAGITTAL SPLIT RAMUS OSTEOTOMY)

  • 최강영;이상한
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.570-593
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    • 1996
  • 본교실에서 하악지 시상 골절단술을 시행한 하악전돌증 환자 20명(남자 9명, 여자 11명)을 대상으로 술전, 술직후, 장기관찰기간동안의 전산화단층촬영법을 이용한 하악과두의 위치변화와 술전, 술직후, 악간고정제거 24시간후 및 장기관찰기간동안의 측모두부방사선사진에서의 재발과의 상관관계를 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 두부 축방향 전산화단층사진에서의 과두간거리(MM')는 $84.45{\pm}4.01mm$ 였으며, 장축각은 우측 11.89%5.1 $9^{\circ}$좌측 $11.65{\pm}2.09^{\circ}$로 좌우 비슷하였으며, 기준선(AA')에서 과두의 외측점은 12mm, 내측점은 7mm 정도 전방에 위치하였다. 관상면 전산화단층사진에서의 과두간 거리(mm')는 $84.43{\pm}3.96mm$ 였으며, 사축각은 우측 $78.12{\pm}3.43^{\circ}$ 좌측 $78.09{\pm}6.12^{\circ}$로 좌우 비슷하였다 . 2. 술전후 과두위치 변화(T2C-T1C)는 통계적인 유의성은 없었으나(p>0.05), 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 장기관찰에 따른 회귀성향(TLC-T2C)에서는 LMD, LLD(p<0.05), RLD, RMD(p<0.01), mm'(P<0.001)는 모두 감소하였다. 3. 측면두부방사선사진상에서 술직후와 악간고정제거 24시간후(T3-T2)에서 하악의 초기재발은 통계적인 의의가 없었으며(p>0.05) 하악전치의 경우만 평균 0.33mm 전방이동하였다(p<0.05). NN'L1, NN'Pog, NN'Gn, NN'Me, over-jet에서 통계적인 유의성이 있었으며(p<0.05), NN'Ll 1.2%, NN'B 5.0%, NN'Pog 2.0%, NN'Gn 9.1%, NN'Me 10.3%의 총재발량을 보였다. 4. 하악골의 술전, 술후 변화량(T2-T1)이 총재발량에 미치는 영향에 대한 회귀분석에서 후퇴량이 많을수록 하악골의 총재발량이 많은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 5. 하악골 변화량(T2-T1)과 하악과두 변화량(T2C-T1C, TLC-T2C), 하악과두 변화량(T2C-T1C, TLC-T2C)과 총재발량(TL-T2), 술전 하악과두 형태(T1C)와 하악과두 변화량(T2C-T1C, TLC-T2C), 그리고 술전 하악골 외형(T1)과 하악과두 변화량(T2C-T1C, TLC-T2C)에 대하여 단순 및 복잡회귀분석에서 통계적인 유의성은 없었다(p>0.05). 6. 술전 하악과두 형태(T1C)가 총재발량(TL-T2)에 미치는 영향에 대한 복잡회귀분석결과 우측과두에서는 과두간 거리가 멀고 장축각이 적고 사축각이 클수록 하악골의 수평적인 재발(NN'Ll, NN'8, NN'Pog, NN'Gn, NN'Me)이 많은 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), 좌측과두에서는 NN'Ll, NN'Me에서 같은 결과를 보였다. 7, 술전 하악과두 형태(T1C)가 술전 하악골외형(T1)에 미치는 영향에 대한 복잡회귀분석결과 우측과두에서는 과두간 거리가 멀고 장축각이 적고 사축각이 클수록 하악골의 수직고경이 큰 것으로 나타났고(p<0.05), 좌측과두에서는 과두간 거리가 멀고 장축각이 적고 사축각이 클수록 수직고경이 크며, 전돌된 양상으로 나타났다(p<0.05) . 8. 술전 하악골 외형(T1)이 총 재발량(TL-T2)에 미치는 영향에 대하여 단순회귀분석을 시행한 결과 NN'L1, NN'B, NN'Gn, NN'Me, over-jet 둥의 계측점에서 하악골이 전돌된 양상을 보일수록 NN'B에서의 총재발량은 많은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 또 수평피개량(over-jet)이 클수록 NN'B, NN'Pog, NN'Gn, NN'Me에서의 총재발량이 많은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서 과두보존술을 이용하여 과두를 안정화시키고 난후 악골 형태를 재구성하였을 때 이로 인하여 생기는 하악과두 이동은 미미하여 술후 재발에 크게 영향을 미칠 정도는 아니라고 사료된다.

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