• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.72-75
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• 2000

The hydrolysis characteristics of each fatty acid composing the fish oil by means of the lipase from Candida cylindracea was investigated. The saturated fatty acids, C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0, and the unsaturated fatty acids with one double bond, C16:1, C18:1(n-7), C18:(n-9), C20:1 and C22:1 were more easily hydrolyzed than the $\omega$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. when the number of carbon of the $\omega$-3 fatty acids was same but that of double bond was different, the hydrolysis of the $\omega$-3 fatty acids having lower number of double bond was more rapidly carried out. When the degree of polyunsaturation was same but the number of carbon was different, the lipase acted more rapidly upon the $\omega$-3 fatty acids with lower number of carbon. Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) was most highly concentrated in the glyceride mixture after 120hr hydrolysis among the various $\omega$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The weight percentage of DHA to the $\omega$-3 fatty acids in the fish oil was 31.87% but that in the glyceride mixture after 120hr hydrolysis was 51.89%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.802-811
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were to 1) examine the dietary patterns of fatty acids and the fatty acid composition in serum, 2) determine selenium (Se) concentrations, and 3) investigate how serum fatty acid compositon affects serum levels of Se in Korean elementary school children. The subjects consisted of 168 school children(82 boys & 86 girls) belonging to 1st through 6th grades, and their dietary assessment was evaluated. The serum fatty acid composition was analyzed by GLC, and the ICP/MS method was employed to measure serum Se concentration. Total average intake of PUFA, MUFA and SFA were 10.5g, 12.7g, 11.2g respectively. Total average dietary P/M/S ratio was 1.10/1.18/1.0. The average intake of $\omega$3 fatty acids and $\omega$6 fatty acids were 1.33g, 9.19g, respectively. The $\omega$6/$\omega$3ratio was 14.2 which is higher than the recommended range. In serum fatty acid composition, PUFA, MUFA, SFA were 40.6%, 28.1% and 31.6% respectively. The average $\omega$3 fatty acid composition was 3.80%, and the mean value of $\omega$6 series was 36.8%. The M/S ratio of girls was significantly higher than boy's in fatty acids intake and in serum composition. Mean Se concentration of total subjects was 416.7ug/l and it was significantly higher in the lower grades(1st-3rd)than in the upper grades(4th~6th, p<0.05). Although the mean serum Se concentration was negatively correlated with PUFA composition in total boys and girls, it was not significant. Serum Se concentration was negatively correlated with P/S ratio and C24:1 concentration(p<0.05). In addition, serum composition of $\omega$6 PUFA and C24:1 showed negative correlations with serum Se in only lower grades girl(1st~3rd), and further studies are needed to clarify in these phenomena. In conclusion, the mean serum Se concentration was significantly lower in upper grades (4th~6th)than in lower grades(1st~3rd) of elementary school children and was negatively correlated with P/S ratio of serum fatty acids. More detailed studies on relationship between Se and fatty acids are required.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.289-299
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• 2003

Effects of various combinations of corn oil (CO) and perilla oil (PO) as respective dietary sources of ${\omega}$-6 and ${\omega}$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on fatty acid profiles of immune organs were studied in young chicks. Seventy-five 1-day-old male (ISA Brown) chicks were assigned to five treatments with three replications. Semi-purified-type diets containing glucose and soybean meal as major ingredients were added with 8% CO, 6% CO+2% PO, 4% CO+4% PO, 2% CO+6% PO and 8% PO and fed for 7 weeks. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake and relative weights of liver and immune organs (g/100g weight) among dietary groups. Dietary fatty acid patterns were generally reflected in the fatty acid compositions of all immune organs such as spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius. The levels of a-linolenic acid(LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid in various immune organs increased with increasing levels of perilla oil in the diets, whilet the levels of linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) decreased. Thymus appeared to have capacity to retain remarkably higher (P<0.05) levels of LA and LNA up to 37 and 22%, respectively, compared to the other organs. Thymic tissue contained ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid and ${\omega}$-6 fatty acid 10~36 times and 3~5 times higher than the other organs, respectively. Spleen tissue was specifically higher (P<0.05) in the levels of AA and EPA and the ratios of AA/LA and EPA/LNA, compared to the other organs, suggesting that the tissue might have high desaturase activity to convert LA or LNA to AA or EPA, respectively. BSA antibody production tended to increase by 18 ~ 32% with higher levels of perilla oil in diet, although the increase was not statistically significant. In conclusion, fatty acid compositions of immune organs very depending on the lipid composition of the diets and each organ appears to respond differently for its fatty acid profile to dietary lipids. Considering AA and EPA are precursors of many important eicosanoids, further studies are required to clarify the responses of the immune organs to the dietary fatty acids.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 2011

The compositions of health functional food products (HFFP; 18 products) containing gamma linolenic acid (GLA; $C_{18:3}$, n-6) and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) were investigated. The contents of index components (especially, GLA and omega-3) in HFFPs were monitored by GC-FID analysis. Among the GLA products (sample No. 1~8), the content of GLA in most samples (except sample No.6) ranged from 8.04 to 9.98 g/100 g. These results were suitable for the reference standard (more 7.0 g/100 g) of HFF. In the omega-3 products (sample No. 10 and 15) derived from harp seal oil (HSO), the total contents of EPA and DHA were 14.21-15.98 g/100 g, respectively. These values were suitable for the reference standard (more 12.0 g/100 g) of HFF. Besides, among the omega-3 products (sample No.9, 11~14, 16~18) derived from fish oil, the total content of EPA and DHA ranged from 24.11 to 31.20 g/100 g. These results were suitable for the reference standard (more 18.0 g/100 g) of HFF. In the result of TLC analysis, the HFFPs of 18 were mainly composed of triacylglycerols (TAGs). The content of trans fatty acid in 18 HFFPs was detected in less than 0.30 g/100 g. For the detection of trans fatty acid, $^1H$-NMR (600 MHz) can be used because chemical shift of trans fatty acid was observed at 5.3 ppm in this study.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 1987

The lipids of ten major fishes caught in Korean seas were analyzed for fatty acid composition and for the content of $\omega-3$ polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids present were hexadecanoic acid $(14{\sim}24%)$, hexadecenoic acid $(4{\sim}13%)$, octadecenoic acid $(8{\sim}29%)$, eicospentaenoic acid $(4{\sim}18%)$ and docosahexenoic acid $(6{\sim}33%)$. The ${\omega}-3$ polyunsturated fatty acids ranged from 18% to 48% of the total fatty acids depending on the species. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid was relatively high in sardine, gizzard shad and atka fish on the basic of fresh body weight, while that of docosahexaenoic acid was highest in hair tail and followed by atka fish and sardine.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.424-427
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• 2004

Microsomal ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase (FAD3) is an essential enzyme in the production of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid during the seed developing stage. To understand the regulatory mechanism of the gene encoding the ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase, a genomic fragment corresponding to the previously isolated perilla seed PfFAD3 cDNA was amplified from perilla (Perilla frutescens Britt) by GenomeWalker PCR. Sequence analysis of the fragment provided with identification of a 1485-bp 5'-upstream region and a 241-bp intron in the open reading frame. To determine the tissue-specificity of the PfFAD3 gene expression, the 5'-upstream region was fused to the ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ (GUS) gene and incorporated into Arabidopsis thaliana. Histochemical assay of the transgenic plants showed that GUS expression was restricted to seed and pollen, showing that PfFAD3 gene was exclusively expressed in those tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.226-238
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• 2013

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential fatty acids because humans cannot synthesize them de novo and must obtain them in their diet. Fish and fish oil are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Significant evidence of the beneficial role of dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids in blood flow has been reported and putative mechanisms for improvement of blood flow include anti-thrombotic effects, lowered blood pressure, improved endothelial function, and anti-atherogenic effects. Edible oils containing omega-3 fatty acids were registered as functional ingredients in the Korea Health Functional Food Code. Although omega-3 fatty acids have been evaluated by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) based on scientific evidence, periodic re-evaluation may be needed because emerging data related to omega-3 fatty acids have accumulated. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated scientific evidence for the effect of omega-3 fatty acids as a functional ingredient in health functional food on improvement of blood flow. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for collection of relevant human studies using the Medline and Cochrane, KISS, and IBIDS databases for the years 1955-2012. Search keywords were used by combination of terms related to omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. The search was limited to human studies published in Korean, English, and Japanese. Using the KFDA's evidence based evaluation system for scientific evaluation of health claims, 112 human studies were identified and reviewed in order to evaluate the strength of the evidence supporting a relation between omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. Among 112 studies, significant effects on improvement of blood flow were reported in 84 studies and the daily intake amount was ranged from 0.1 to 15 g. According to this methodology of systematic review, we concluded that there was possible evidence to support a relation between omega-3 fatty acid intake and blood flow. However, because inconsistent results have recently been reported, future studies should be monitored.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1997

For the molecular genetic study of cold tolerance mechanism in plants, a cDNA encoding fatty acid desaturase (fad3), converting linoleic acid (18:2, $\omega$-6) to linolenic acid (18:3, $\omega$-3), was isolated from $\lambda$ZAPII Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA expression library by plaque hybridization using fad3 cDNA probe derived from Brassica napus. A 1.8 kb-EcoRI fragment from a lambda clone showing a strong positive hybridization signal was subcloned into pGEM7 and analyzed for its nucleotide sequence. From deduced amino acid sequences, the fad3 gene was revealed to have an open reading frame(ORF) consisting of 386 amino acids with a molecular mass of 44,075 Da. The fad3 gene was compared to chloroplast $\omega$-3 fatty acid desaturase (fad7) and endoplasmic reticulum Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (fad2) to show 70% and 58% amino acid sequence homology, respectively, Especially, amino acids of internal (82 to 151) and carboxy terminal (276 to 333) regions were highly conserved, implying their requisite role for enzymatic functioning of fatty acid desaturases. IPTG-induced fad3 cDNA expression in E. coli cells was suggested to be toxic to bacterial growth.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of high school students in Seoul (total : 234 ; male : 91 ; female : 143) In serum lipid levels, total cholesterol (Chol.), HDL-Chol. and LDL-Chol. levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students and there was no significant difference between High Fish ＆ Low Meat intake (HFLM) and Low Fish ＆ High Meat intake (LFHM) groups. The average fat intake was 22-25 energy % of total subjects and especially, that of LFHM group was 29%, which were over the recommendation level. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0, the average range of $\omega6/\omega3$ fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 17.9-20.7, which was far beyond the suggested range, 4-10. The average intake of cholesterol of total subjects was 360mg. LFHM group had more meats and beverages such as carbonated drinks and tended to have less beans, vegetables and mushrooms. In addition, LFHM group had more energy and fat intake than those of HFLM group, the P/S ratio of dietary fat (0.73) was lower than the recommended ratio. Serum C16 : 0 composition of LFHM group was significantly higher than that of HFLM group, and EPA and DHA composition of HFLM was significantly lower than that of LFHM. Therefore, in HFLM group, the P/S ratio of serum fatty acids was significantly higher and the $\omega6/\omega3$ ratio was lower. Dietary C18 : 0 was negatively correlated with serum EPA and DHA composition. Individual PUFA intake was negatively correlated with serum C16 : 0 and sum of SFA, and positively correlated with serum C18 : $2\omega6(LA)\;,\;sum\;o;\omega6$ and sum of PUFA. Serum C18 : 1, C18 : $3\omega3\; and\; C20\;:\;4\omega6$ (AA) compositions were not correlated with dietary fatty acid. Only serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with serum fatty acid compositions. Sum of SFA, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, sum of MUFA and C18 : 1 compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but LA, AA, sum of PUFA and P/S ratio were negatively correlated with it.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.161-174
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• 1997

Omega-3 fatty acids have been major research interests in medical and nutritional science relating to life sciences since after the epidemiologic data on Green3and Eskimos reported by several researchers clearly showed fewer per capita deaths from heart diseases and a lower incidence of adult diseases. Linolenic acid(LNA) is an essential fatty acid for human beings as well as linoleic acid(LA) due to the fact that vertebrates lack an enzyme required to incorporate a double bond beyond carbon 9 in the chain. In addition the ratio of omega-6 and 3 fatty acids seems to be important in terms of alleviation of heart diseases since LA and LNA competes for the metabolic pathways of eicosanoids synthesis. High consumption of omega-3 fatty acids in seafoods may control heart diseases by reducing blood cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL and increasing HDL and by inhibiting plaque development through the formation of antiaggregatory substances like PGI$_2$, PGI$_3$ and TXA$_3$ metabolized from LNA. Omega 3 fatty acids also play an important role in neuronal developments and visual functioning, in turn influence learning behaviors. Current dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids are limited mostly to seafoods, leafy vegetables, marine and some seed oils and the most appropriate way to provide omega-3 fatty acids is as a part of the normal dietary regimen. The efforts to enhance the intake of omega-3 fatty acids due to several beneficial effects have been made nowadays by way of food processing technology. Two different ways can be applied: one is add Purified and concentrated omega-3 fatty acids into foods and the other is to produce foods with high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids by raising animals with specially formulated feed best for the transfer of omega-3 fatty acids. Recently, items of manufactured and marketed omega-3 fatty acids fortified foodstuffs are pork, milk, cheese, egg, formula milk and ham. In domestic food market, many of them are distributed already, but problem is that nutritional informations on the amounts of omega-3 fatty acids are not presented on the labeling, which might cause distrust of consumers on those products, result in lower sales volumes. It would be very much wise if we consume natural products, result in lower sales volumes. It would be very much wise if we consume natural products high in omega-3 fatty acids to Promote health related to many types of adult diseases rather than processed foods fortified with omega-3 fatty acids.