• 전자통신동향분석
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2019

The olfactory bio technology is largely based on its corresponding recognition technology and smell stimulus that acquires, analyzes, and processes volatile organic compounds present in chemical molecules, which are present in the breath or air evoked by an electronic nose artificially imitating the human biological nose. The olfactory bio technology is also based on a scent display technology that automatically diverges various digital flavors based on aesthetics, concentration, duration, and intensity information required to enhance the sensibility using a computer. Recently, attempts have been made to apply noninvasive screening of dementia by sensing, analyzing, encoding, and transmitting bio information obtained through an olfactory interface, both domestically and externally; further, the olfactory medical content technology has been applied to delay or reduce the onset of dementia. In this study, we will focus on early screening of dementia using olfactory biology information and dementia cognitive enhancer content that delays or reduces the onset of dementia.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2022

Purpose: The survival of organisms critically depends on avoidance responses to life-threatening stimuli. Information about dangerous situations needs to be remembered to produce defensive behavior. To investigate underlying brain regions to process information of danger, manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) was used in olfactory fear-conditioned rats. Materials and Methods: Fear conditioning was conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals received nasal injections of manganese chloride solution to monitor brain activation for olfactory information processing. Twenty-four hours after manganese injection, rats were exposed to electric foot shocks with odor cue for one hour. Control rats were exposed to the same odor cue without foot shocks. Forty-eight hours after the conditioning, rats were anesthetized and their brains were scanned with 9.4T MRI. Acquired images were processed and statistical analyses were performed using AFNI. Results: Manganese injection enhanced brain areas involved in olfactory information pathways in T1 weighted images. Rats that received foot shocks showed higher brain activation in the central nucleus of the amygdala, septum, primary motor cortex, and preoptic area. In contrast, control rats displayed greater signals in the orbital cortex and nucleus accumbens. Conclusion: Nasal delivery of manganese solution enhanced olfactory signal pathways in rats. Odor cue paired with foot shocks activated amygdala, the central brain region in fear, and related brain circuits. Use of MEMRI in fear conditioning provides a reliable monitoring technique of brain activation for fear learning.

• 감성과학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2007

대부분의 후각 감성평가 연구에 있어서는 모든 피험자에게 동일한 농도의 냄새 시료를 제시하고 있다. 하지만 피험자의 후각 기능은 노화 등을 비롯한 여러 가지 요인으로 다를 수 있고 이러한 차이는 후각 감성에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 후각 감성평가 시 냄새 시료를 제공하는데 있어서, 모든 피험자에게 동일한 시료를 제공한 경우와 피험자 개개인의 후각 역치를 고려하여 냄새 시료의 농도를 조절한 후 제공한 경우에 있어서 후각 감성특성 및 감성구조에 차이를 보이는 지 알아보았다. 피험자는 만 19세 이상 대학생 남녀 30명(남자: 18명, 여자: 12명)이었고 사용된 냄새 시료는 T&T olfactometer의 다섯 가지 냄새 기준물질이었다. 동일한 피험자에게 두 가지(실험 1과 실험 2)의 실험을 수행하였는데, 실험 1에서는 피험자 개개인의 후각 역치를 기준으로 냄새 물질의 농도를 조절하여 제공함으로써 모든 피험자가 동일한 냄새 강도를 지각하도록 가였다. 실험2에서는 모든 피험자에게 동일한 농도(+1)의 냄새 시료를 제공하였다. 실험 수행 결과, 냄새 시료 제시 방법(후각 역치 고려 유무)에 따라 후각 감성특성에 있어서 유의적인 차이를 보였는데 냄새에 대한 선호도가 명확하지 않은 시료에 있어서 이러한 차이가 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 차이는 후각 감성구조에도 영향을 미쳤는데, '심미성', '강도', 그리고 '활동성'은 공통요인이었고, '친화성'(실험 1)과 '중량감'(실험 2)은 후각 역치 고려 유무에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 볼 때, 피험자의 후각 역치 고려 유무에 따라 후각 감성특성 및 감성구조가 다르게 나타날 수 있다고 볼 수 있겠다. 따라서, 냄새 시료에 대한 후각 감성평가를 수행하고자 할 때, 피험자의 후각 역치 및 기능과 이에 따른 냄새 시료 제시법 또한 신중하게 고려해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.678-689
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• 1995

Chromium is one of the representative toxic substance by occupational exposure which damage the mucosa of respiratory tract including nasal septal perforation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of chromium exposure on olfactory function and to obtain the fundamental information about chromium exposure. The authors performed olfactory function test, laboratory tests and questionnaire interview on the subject of three groups, that is, two exposed groups and one nonexposed group from May 1 to June 30, 1994. Exposed group 1 was 15 male workers without nasal septal perforation, exposed group 2 was 15 male workers with nasal septal perforation among 103 workers in 22 chromium plating factories, and nonexposed group was 15 male medical students. The gathered informations were histories of chromium exposure, habits of smoking and alcohol drinking, the concentrations of chromium in serum and urine, and asparate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase, etc. Olfactory function was checked by T and T olfectometer using phenyl ethyl alcohol(material A), methyl cyclopentenolone(material B), iso-valeric acid(material C), $\gamma$-undecalactone(material D), skatole(material E) and the results were expressed by detection threshold(DT) and recognition threshold(RT). There was a significant difference between exposed groups and nonexposed group in A, B, C, D, E substances by DT and in A, B, C, D substances by RT(P<0.01). The degree of olfactory dysfunction was highest in the exposed group 2 and lowest in the nonexposed group in all five substances by DT and it was same in A B, D substances RT and the difference of RT and DT. As summary, olfactory dysfunction by chromium exposure was recognized and the degree of olfactory dysfunction was higher in the exposed group with nasal septal perforation. Therefore, it would be helpful to apply olfactory function test for the early detection of olfactory dysfunction, and this test would be considered as the basic tool within workers' compensation system.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2020

본 연구는 만성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 2주간 후각 자극이 균형, 경직 및 삶의 질에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위하여 실시되었다. 단일맹검 및 사전 무작위 임상시험으로 진행되었으며, 21명의 만성 뇌줄중 환자는 무작위로 후각자극군(n=10)과 속임 후각자극군(n=11)으로 배정되었다. 후각자극 군은 라벤더 오일을 2주간 주 5회, 총 10회 시행하였고, 속임 후각자극 군은 물을 적용하였다. 경직은 Composite Spasticity Score (CSS)를 사용하여 측정하였고, 정적 균형은 힘판(force plate), 동적균형은 Timed up and go test(TUG), 삶의 질은 Short-Form 36 items(SF-36)를 사용하였다. 훈련 후 후각자극 군이 속임 후각자극 군에 비해 정적균형이 유의하게 개선되었으며(p<.05), 경직과 동적균형은 집단 간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 또한, 후각자극 군에서 SF 36의 정신적 건강요약과 총점이 속임 후각자극 군에 비해 유의하게 개선되었다. 본 연구는 후각자극이 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 정적균형과 삶의 질을 효과적으로 향상시킴을 증명하였다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.88.01-88.14
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• 2022

Background: The olfactory mucosa (OM) is crucial for odorant perception in the main olfactory system. The terminal carbohydrates of glycoconjugates influence chemoreception in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Objectives: The histological characteristics and glycoconjugate composition of the OM of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo, Bos taurus coreae) were examined to characterize their morphology and possible functions during postnatal development. Methods: The OM of neonate and adult Korean native cattle was evaluated using histological, immunohistochemical, and lectin histochemical methods. Results: Histologically, the OM in both neonates and adults consists of the olfactory epithelium and the lamina propria. Additionally, using periodic acid Schiff and Alcian blue (pH 2.5), the mucus specificity of the Bowman's gland duct and acini in the lamina propria was determined. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that mature and immature olfactory sensory neurons of OEs express the olfactory marker protein and growth associated protein-43, respectively. Lectin histochemistry indicated that numerous glycoconjugates, including as N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, complex type N-glycan, and fucose groups, were expressed at varied levels in the different cell types in the OMs of neonates and adults at varying levels. According to our observations, the cattle possessed a well-developed olfactory system, and the expression patterns of glycoconjugates in neonatal and adult OMs varied considerably. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe the morphological assessment of the OM of Korean native cattle with a focus on lectin histochemistry. The findings suggest that glycoconjugates may play a role in olfactory chemoreception, and that their labeling properties may be closely related to OM development and maturity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.535-539
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• 2015

Olfactory stimulation activates multiple signaling cascades in order to mediate activity-driven changes in gene expression that promote neuronal survival. To date, the mechanisms involved in activity-dependent olfactory neuronal survival have yet to be fully elucidated. In the current study, we observed that olfactory sensory stimulation, which caused neuronal activation, promoted activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and the expression of Bcl-2, which were responsible for olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) survival. We demonstrated that Bcl-2 expression increased after odorant stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. We also showed that odorant stimulation activated Akt, and that Akt activation was completely blocked by incubation with both a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and Akt1 small interfering RNA. Moreover, blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway diminished the odorantinduced Bcl-2 expression, as well as the effects on odorant-induced ORN survival. A temporal difference was noted between the activation of Akt1 and the expression of Bcl-2 following odorant stimulation. Blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway did not affect ORN survival in the time range prior to the increase in Bcl-2 expression, implying that these two events, activation of the PI3K pathway and Bcl-2 induction, were tightly connected to promote post-translational ORN survival. Collectively, our results indicated that olfactory activity activated PI3K/Akt, induced Bcl-2, and promoted long term ORN survival as a result.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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• pp.639-642
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• 2003

본 연구는 후각 수용 단백질인 ODR10를 GST와 Histidine tag를 각각 N 말단과 C 말단에 삽입한 후 두 가지의 발현 벡터에 넣어 대장균에서 발현시켰다. 부분 정제된 단백질을 QCM의 수정진동자에 코팅한 후 여러 종류의 냄새 분자와의 상호 작용을 관찰하였다. 발현양은 적었지만 QCM실험 결과 발현된 단백질이 diacetyl과 반응한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. ODR10 단백질과 diacetyl의 결합 정도는 다른 냄새 분자와 비교했을 때 $5{\sim}10$배 정도 차이가 났으며 이를 통해 후각 수용 단백질을 발현시킨 대장균 세포들을 후각센서를 개발하는데 사용할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 현재까지는 1000가지 이상 존재한다고 알려진 후각 수용 단백질들이 어떤 냄새 분자와 특이적인 결합성을 가지는지 조사하기 위해서는 복잡하고 시간이 오래 걸리는 실험을 해야 했었지만, 대장균에서 발현시키는 시스템을 통해 경제적이고 효율적으로 조사를 할 수 있게 되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2003

TrkA is an essential component of the high affinity NGF receptor necessary to the mediate biological effects of the neurotrophins NGF. Here we report on the expression of TrkA in the olfactory bulb and basal nucleus of Mongolian gerbil brain during the postnatal development. The expressions of TrkA were identified in a immunohistochemical method. Higher levels of TrkA immunoreactivity were detected in septum than that in olfactory bulb and caudate putamen (CPu). But TrkA was not observed before postnatal days (PND6) in olfactory bulb and PND9 in CPu. No TrkA-positive cell was detectable in the olfactory fiber layer. Several regions, such as olfactory bulb and CPu, showed weak labeling. These data show that expression of TrkA is developmentally regulated during postnatal Mongolian gerbil brain development and suggest that high affinity neurotrophinreceptors mediate a transient response to neurotrophins in many regions during the brain ontogeny.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2013

Background: Olfactory dysfunction, including anosmia and hyposmia is difficult to treat. Although the mechanism is not well known, stellate ganglion block (SGB) is used to treat olfactory dysfunction. There are no prior studies on the long-term effects of SGB on olfactory dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the continuity of therapeutic effects and patient satisfaction with SGB treatment. Methods: This was a follow-up study carried out via a telephonic survey. The olfactory function of the patient was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). We checked VAS three times: VAS-I (pre-treatment VAS), VAS-A (post-treatment VAS), and VAS-C (VAS at follow up telephone survey). We divided the subjects into 2 groups according to their responsiveness to SGB: the responsive (R group) and the unresponsive groups (UR group). Patient satisfaction was evaluated using a Likert scale. Results: Out of the 40 subjects, 37 responded to the telephone survey. In the UR group, there was difference in the olfactory function. However, in the R group, there were significant VAS differences; VAS-I was $9.6{\pm}0.7$, VAS-A was $5.1{\pm}4.2$, and VAS-C was $2.7{\pm}$2.7 (P < 0.05). On the Likert scale, patient satisfaction was as follows: grade 1, 17 patients (45.9%); grade 2, 6 patients (16.2%); grade 3, 6 patients (16.2%); and grade 4, 8 patients (21.6%). Conclusions: SGB is a safe, long-lasting, and effective therapeutic modality for olfactory dysfunction treatment.