• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.701-721
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• 2014

In the assessment of existing RC buildings, the reliable appraisal of the compressive strength of in-situ concrete is a fundamental step. Unfortunately, the data that can be obtained by the available testing methods are typically affected by a high level of uncertainty. Moreover, in order to derive indications about the degradation and ageing of the materials by on site tests, it is necessary to have the proper terms of comparison, that is to say, to know the reference data measured during the construction phases, that are often unavailable when the building is old. In the cases when such a comparison can be done, the in situ strength values typically turn out to be lower than the reference strength values (tests performed on taken samples during the construction). At this point, it is crucial to discern and quantify the specific effect induced by different factors: ageing of the materials; poor quality of the placement, consolidation or cure of the concrete during the construction phases; damage due to drilling. This paper presents a procedure for correlating the destructive compressive tests and non-destructive tests (ultrasonic pulse velocity tests) with the data documenting the compressive strength tested during the construction phases. The research work is aimed at identifying the factors that induce the difference between the in-situ strength and cubes taken from the concrete casting, and providing, so, useful information for the assessment procedure of the building.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.21-26
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to retrospect the establishment process of specification of modern factory-made traditional Korean roof-tile. Its another purpose is to analyze the specification of watong(瓦桶, a wooden molding frame for roof tile making) which is recorded in the literature of Joseon dynasty. The results of this study are as follows. : First, the specification of modern factory-made Korean roof-tile that currently used was established in 1978. And it did not succeed old traditional specification. Second, in case of construction or repair of main building of palace, it was a principle to use Daewa(大瓦, the big size roof-tile). And Sangwa(常瓦, the ordinary size roof-tile) was used when needed. Also, Jungwa(中瓦, the middle size roof-tile) was used regardless of the size of group building. And Sowa(小瓦, the small size roof-tile) was used in house and wall of royal tomb. Third, it is needed to establish a specification of traditional handmade roof-tile based on the specification of watong through research of the litterateur. So, a standard draft for this was proposed. Finally, one can find the significance that this study has tried to find a specification of traditional roof-tile that can be applied to construction or repair of cultural heritage.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.48-55
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• 2004

The remodeling of apartment that improves the improves the life level is going to be in the market because of lots of old apartment buildings. Until now, the research of remodeling is mainly restricted to the laws and financial funding, however, the needs in the trend of remodeling. This research, first, through the examples of remodeling in the country, this study draws remodeling factors that can be applied. Secondly, this study targets the study of remodeling to apartments and analyzes the type of housings made by the Korea National Housing Corporation. Thirdly the study analyzes the features that appear in housing units and draws out factors of remodeling This research's result Is arranged as follows. \circled1Need Remodeling thorough study of space expanded, grant between artificer and active performance improvement direction such as building equipment expansion along with Remodeling concept of unit repair. \circled2When apartments are newly built, systematic construction is necessary that considers future efficiency improvement from the design stage. \circled3This study, which applied the characteristic factors appearing after the 1990s to remodeling factors, show that they can be applied when remodeling the worn out wall-slab type apartments.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.556-562
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• 2008

The building HVAC systems have very different qualities of performance and durability with the superintendent's ability for management and maintenance. The poor management of these systems finally lead to the shortening of the life expectancy and result in the increase of operating costs and energy consumptions due to low efficiencies. This study presents an example of appropriate use of the LCC(Life Cycle Cost) analysis in a process of maintaining and repairing old HVAC equipments, by demonstrating the difference of optimal economic life, decrease of running cost, and energy consumption according to the management level of the HVAC equipments. But there are no reliable life expectancy and performance history data at present for optimal management of various building service equipments. Therefore, it is necessary to construct long-term database on operation results of them for more accurate and optimized LCC analysis.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.52-70
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• 2009

Department store has actively expanded cultural center services by providing a series of educational courses in order to increase customer visits, enhance customer satisfaction, and ultimately increase sales. In this study, cultural center members' shopping behaviors and image building of the department store were explored through focus group interviews. Results generated from a total of 7 focus group interviews with female cultural center members in their 30's through 60's are as follows. First, the consumer group who attends courses for their own purpose is 45 to 55 year-old female customers who are actively involved in consumption at the department store for their own clothing, food and restaurant. They are not often engaged in impulsive either group shopping for clothing. They are satisfied with class quality compared to low tuition whereas dissatisfied with busy schedule of a lecture room and lack of special discount benefits for members. Second, the other consumer group who attends courses for their children is consumers in their 30's. They are charged in shopping for clothing for their husbands, children, and themselves. They are suffering time poverty due to nurturing their children, therefore, they want to shop more in the department store on the day of class. However, expensive kids-care facilities are barriers to do it. Convenience, familiarity and center of culture are important images of the department store, developed through frequent visits of these customers. Eight implications for marketing strategies were generated based on study results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.136-139
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• 2001

This paper develops a sensor based navigation method that utilizes fuzzy logic and the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory for mobile robot in uncertain environment. The proposed navigator consists of two behaviors: obstacle avoidance and goal seeking. To navigate reliably in the environment, we make a map building process before the robot finds a goal position and create a robust fuzzy controller. In this paper, the map is constructed on a two-dimensional occupancy grid. The sensor readings are fused into the map using D-S inference rule. Whenever the robot moves, it catches new information about the environment and replaces the old map with new one. With that process the robot can go wandering and finding the goal position. The usefulness of the proposed method is verified by a series of simulations. This paper deals with the fuzzy modeling for the complex and uncertain nonlinear systems, in which conventional and mathematical models may fail to give satisfactory results. Finally, we provide numerical examples to evaluate the feasibility and generality of the proposed method in this paper.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.133-137
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• 2006

Can examine cause that the construction industry is faced in crisis of skill exhaustion in two sides. One is the tribe of actuality production manpower by entry evasion and graying of young man class specially new manpower to the tribe of skill manpower. Another is qualitative decline of skill manpower. Generally, problem of the systematic knowledge tribe and the picking up tribe about new technology etc, exists because learn skill for shoulder beyond in spot. In cutting phenomenon of skill that is depended on personal relationships availability with skilled worker in hereafter, problem that worker who is old or enter through rain skilled worker does not learn all life skill is detected. These problems institute entry of young man class and necessity of systematic vocational education training specially new human strength strongly. This study does presentation of way to promote construction industry entry of young man class and improvement way of vocational education training system that can do to train these by function manpower by purpose.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.53-56
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• 2007

Recently, waste concrete emission has been increased by acceleration of urban development and the rapid growth of redevelopment projects, so recycling of waste concrete is actively progressed, But the usage is limited to a lower value added such as the roadbed material etc. To produce the high quality recycled aggregate, breaking and washing process is added to the existing process and inevitably increases the occurrence of particle, because old mortal is included in the recycled aggregate. Therefore, this study purpose is analysis the properties of lightweight foamed concrete made by waste concrete sludge which is the by-product from produce the recycled aggregate. In result, possibility of manufacture of lightweight foamed concrete which gives equal performance compared with ALC was detect(scope of density : $0.5{\sim}0.6$, scope of compressive strength : $3.5{\sim}4.0MPa$). And scope of porosity is as follow ; total porosity : $27{\sim}30%$, open porosity : $1{\sim}5%$

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.179-182
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• 2009

Concrete containing styrene-butadiene latex is widely used, nowadays, as a protective system for bridge. Latex modification mortar have taken advantage of latex modification concrete advantage that is used in existing, Also, when repair, protection and sticking performance of concrete overlay waterproof agent were known as that are good. Replace and experimented from fine aggregate to recycled aggregate to secure economic performance than existing latex modification concrete. Recycled fine aggregate has low quality because it contains large amount of old mortar. So, its usage is limited to a lower value-add, such as the roadbed material etc. This study is purposed to improve the performance of mortar made of recycled fine aggregate. For this, recycled aggregate mortar was produced with latex, and fluidity, strength were examined. Test result indicate that mortar using recycled fine aggregate is higher compressive and flexural strength than mortar using river sand.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.565-572
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• 2016

Whilst archaeological evidence for many aspects of life in ancient China is well studied, there has been much less interest in ancient infectious diseases, such as intestinal parasites in past Chinese populations. Here, we bring together evidence from mummies, ancient latrines, and pelvic soil from burials, dating from the Neolithic Period to the Qing Dynasty, in order to better understand the health of the past inhabitants of China and the diseases endemic in the region. Seven species of intestinal parasite have been identified, namely roundworm, whipworm, Chinese liver fluke, oriental schistosome, pinworm, Taenia sp. tapeworm, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski. It was found that in the past, roundworm, whipworm, and Chinese liver fluke appear to have been much more common than the other species. While roundworm and whipworm remained common into the late 20th century, Chinese liver fluke seems to have undergone a marked decline in its prevalence over time. The iconic transport route known as the Silk Road has been shown to have acted as a vector for the transmission of ancient diseases, highlighted by the discovery of Chinese liver fluke in a 2,000 year-old relay station in northwest China, 1,500 km outside its endemic range.