• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.715-722
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• 1999

On a urea-molasses-straw (3:15:82, UMS) based diet, effect of graded levels of mustard oil cake (MOC) supplementation on the performances of native bulls has been studied. Four cannulated adult Bos indicus bulls of $415({\pm}44.6)kg$ live weight and 80 months old, were given daily either of 0, 200, 400 or 800 g of MOC in four periods in a $4{\times}4$ latin square design. Besides, each animal also received 200 g of each of molasses and wheat bran and a mineral mixture. For unit (1 g) increase in MOC intake, total DM intake increased by 0.8 g/d ($r^2=0.88$) but no change in the straw DM intake. With the increasing levels of MOC, crude protein (CP) digestibility increased exponentially with an asymptotic value of 72%. However, MOC level had no effect on the digestibilities of DM, OM and ADF. Similarly, rumen degradability of rice straw was also not affected by the level of dietary MOC, and mean straw DM degradabilities were 15, 21. 28, 37, 47 and 51% at 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation respectively. Microbial N yield per kg digestible organic matter apparently fermented in the rumen were 7.46, 8.77, 6.88 and 5.96 g respectively for 0, 200, 400 or 800 g of dietary MOC. For each gram increase in dietary MOC, N intake and N balance increased by 0.054 g/d ($r^2=0.998$) and $0.59mg\;N/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$ ($r^2=0.99$) respectively. Nitrogen balance was estimated to be attained at the N intakes of $246mg\;N/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Thus, on a UMS-based diet supplementation of MOC up to 800 g (10% of total intake) of the dietary intake had little or no effect on intake, digestibility, rumen parameters, and microbial N yield but slightly increased the N balance. However marginal response to MOC supplementation is probably due to the high degradability of MOC protein in the rumen. Thus, any substantial positive response of MOC supplementation on a UMS-based diet can probably be achieved by reducing its protein degradability in the rumen.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.579-584
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• 2013

The study was conducted to investigate changes in the characteristics of inorganic components during fermenting process of organic liquid fertilizers according to the type and ratio of microorganism and the amount of molasses when producing organic liquid fertilizers using sesame oil cake and rice bran. To select appropriate microorganisms, liquid fertilizers were produced through a 90-day fermentation process by adding mag-ggeo-li, yogurt, dried yeast, and leaf mold. The pH in liquid fertilizer was decreased, and then increased in all microorganism samples except the mag-ggeo-li sample. The EC was rapidly increased in all samples until the $10^{th}$ days after production, and showed no changes after the $60^{th}$ days in dried yeast and after the $30^{th}$ days in the other samples. The concentration of $NH_4$-N was generally increased with time. The concentration of $P_2O_5$ was rapidly increased until the $10^{th}$ days after production and was maintained at about 1% regardless of the type of microorganism. In terms of the characteristics of liquid fertilizers according to the ratio of selected dried yeast, the pH was decreased until the $30^{th}$ days after producing the liquid fertilizers, and then was increased regardless of the ratio of dried yeast. The EC was increased with time and showed no differences depending on the amount of dried yeast. The concentration of $NH_4$-N was increased with time and in proportion to the amount of dried yeast. In terms of the characteristics of liquid fertilizers according to the ratio of molasses, the pH was decreased with increasing the molasses. The EC and concentration of $P_2O_5$ were no differences according to the amount of molasses. When 3% molasses was added, the content of $NH_4$-N was 2.6 mg $L^{-1}$ at the beginning and was at 3,025 mg $L^{-1}$ on the $90^{th}$ days.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different organic treatments and a chemical fertilizer on the soil chemical, physical, and microbial properties in an organic pear orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: Control was referred as a NPK chemical fertilizer (15N-9P-10K) and organic treatments included compost containing with oil cake, compost containing with humic acid, and compost containing with chitin substance. All treatments applied at rates equivalent to 200 g N per tree per year under the tree canopy in March 30 of 2008 and 2009. Soil bulk density, solid phase, liquid phase, and penetration resistance were not significantly different among the treatments. Organic treatment plots had greater organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium concentrations compared to control, and the nutrient concentrations were not consistently affected by the organic treatments. Microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon, dehydrogenase, acid-phosphatase, and chitinase activities overall increased from March to August. Organic treatments, especially compost containing with oil cake or chitin aicd, increased the microbial variables compared to control. CONCLUSION(s): All the organic treatments consistently stimulated soil biological activity. The consistent treatment effect, however, did not occur on the soil mineral nutrition as the trees actively taken up the nutrients during a growing season, which would have diminished treatment effects. Long-term study required for evaluating soil physical properties in a pear orchard.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2017

The consumption of KimChi, which Korean are a favorite food, has dramatically increased by changes of life style and waste as by-products in KimChi factory. This study was conducted to evaluate an effect of compost of caster oil cake (COC) mixed with waste from KimChi factory (KWF) and its growth effect of lettuce. Treatments were consisted of 4 treatments as COC compost (60% COC+40% sawdust) as control, control+35% KWF (K-1), control+50% KWF (K-2), and control+65% KWF (K-3). Temperature, pH, O.M. and microbial phase of COC composts blended various ratios of KWF or free were unaffected. It was appeared that nitrogen content of KWF treatments was higher, but the ratio of organic matter and nitrogen was lower than the control. Although KWF treatments were acceptable compost under the guideline of Korean, NaCl content of K-3 was 1.91%, and it was very higher than that of others. In comparison with fresh weight and dry weight of lettuce, K-1 and K-3 were similar to control. These results indicated that the waste from KimChi factory was possible to use the composting raw blended materials below 35% mixtures.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.243-246
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• 1993

For extending the shelf-life of Yukwa (oil puffed rice cake) which is one of the most favorable Korean traditional rice snack, the Yukwa was packed in $O_2$ preventive container and substituted the air with $N_2$ gas or packed with $O_2$ absorbent (ageless sachet). The quality of Yukwa stored at $35^{\circ}C$ was evaluated by POV, AV and TBA including sensory evaluation. The POV of oil in Yukwa of $N_2$ substitute pack and absorbent sachet included were 5.3 and 11.9 meq/kg, respectively, while no packing (control) was 195.5 meq/kg after 90 days storage at $35^{\circ}C$. AV and TBA were also same trend but the gap with the control was not so big. The Yukwa, $N_2$ gas substituted, was better in quality than absorbent treatment in sensory evaluation and no difference was detected in quality of 90 days storage Yukwa at $35^{\circ}C$ with 15 days. The main reason for lower sensory score of absorbent treatment was that the $O_2$ absorbent also absorbed the flavor component of Yukwa.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.353-358
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of black polyethylene film mulching and soil conditioners on the growth, yield, and flavonoids biosynthesis of mungbeans. The seedling stand rate, plant height, and pods per plant were 98%, 61 cm, and 15.1, respectively, when the mungbean grown black polyethylene film mulches. They were greater than these results when the without mulches was applied by 13%, 9 cm, and 1.8, respectively. Mungbean grown with black polyethylene film mulches ($243\;kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) exhibited 38% more seed yield than without mulches ($176\;kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). However, no significant difference in contents of vitexin and isovitexin of mungbeans between with black polyethylene film mulches and without mulches was observed. Among soil conditioners, standard fertilizer+oil cake and standard fertilizer+mineral powders increased number of pods. The standard fertilizer+oil cake showed the highest seed yield (119%) of mungbean when it mixed with standard fertilizers, and followed by mineral powders (115%). The mixed combinations of oil cake or mineral powders also seem to have affected the biosynthesis of vitexin and isovitexin, whose content in mungbeans was significantly more.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.731-743
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manures and complemental fertilization with oil cake or liquid fertilizer on growth and nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage cultivated in organi systems. Field experiments were carried out at the National Institute of Agricultural Science in Suwon, South Korea from 2012 to 2014. Two green manure crops, Crotalaria and Hairy vetch, was cultivated in summer and in winter, respectively. The application methods of the green manure consisted of three tillage systems (overall tillage, partial tillage and no tillage). Oil cake and liquid fertilizer were used as complemental fertilizer. The results showed that when used as covering material in the upland soil without tillage, green manure fertilization was more effective in increasing growth and yield of Chinese cabbage than when incorporated into soil. It was possible to grow and harvest Chinese cabbage in the spring season by the application of hairy vetch as winter green manure. The higher yield of Chinese cabbage with green manure application was caused by the lower incidence rate of soft rot and tip-burn. The yield of the Chines cabbage that received green manure applications over two consecutive seasons followed by the supplemental fertilization with oil cake was similar to that of the conventional chemical fertilization. Following a single season green manure application in summer, however, the yield of cabbage was only about 70% of the conventional treatment. Green manure cultivation with additional liquid fertilization produced a yield similar to the conventional fertilization treatment, soil inorganic nitrogen concentration remained stable and the nitrogen use efficiency increased in the green manure applied soil. In conclusion, the organic cultivation of Chinese cabbage in the autumn season could be outperformed in the upland soil receiving two seasons (winter and summer) of green manure fertilization followed by the supplemental fertilization with liquid fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the soil is expected to depend on the types of nitrogen fertilizer used. Biochar has recently been proposed as a potential mitigation of climate change by reducing the N2O emission. Although laboratory studies reported that biochar applications could reduce N2O emission, the number of field-based studies is still limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar on N2O emission when different nitrogen fertilizers were applied in corn cultivated field. METHODS AND RESULTS: The field experiment consisted of six treatments: urea fertilizer without biochar (U), ammonium sulfate fertilizer without biochar (A), oil cake fertilizer without biochar (O), urea fertilizer with biochar (U+B), ammonium sulfate fertilizer with biochar (A+B), and oil cake fertilizer with biochar (O+B). Biochar was applied at a rate of 10 t/ha. Greenhouse gas fluxes were measured during growing seasons using static vented chambers. The cumulative N2O emissions were 0.99 kg/ha in the U, 1.23 kg/ha in the A, 3.25 kg/ha in the O, 1.19 kg/ha in the U+B, 0.86 kg/ha in the A+B, and 1.55 kg/ha in the O+B. CONCLUSION: It was found that N2O emission was related to application of both nitrogen fertilizer type and biochar. In particular, the N2O reduction effect was the highest in the corn field incorporated with biochar when oil cake was applied to the soil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1575-1581
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• 2011

Rapeseed cake, which is the organic waste remaining after rapeseed oil production, is readily available and considered an ecologically-friendly resource with very low cost and high dietary fiber content. This research was carried out for two reasons. First, it was done to analyze the liberated reducing sugar content of rapeseed cake. Second, it was done to investigate the effects on the sugar yield of the various concentrations of acidic and alkaline catalysts used for the hydrolysis of rapeseed cake and the concentrations of rapeseed cake in each catalyst. Several amounts of ground rapeseed cake, 0.5 g, 1 g, and 2 g, were put into 100 mL of catalysts such as sulfuric acid (0.5~2%), hydrochloric acid (0.5~2%), and sodium hydroxide (0.5~2%). Then they were hydrolyzed for 5 min at 121$^{\circ}C$. After hydrolysis, HPLC equipped with an RI detector was used to analyze liberated reducing sugars such as sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, and arabinose separated from rapeseed cake. The degradation rate of rapeseed cake was the highest in hydrochloric acid. As the catalyst concentrations used for hydrolysis of rapeseed cake increased, the degradation rate of rapeseed cake also significantly increased. Total reducing sugar content was the highest in hydrochloric acid, and it increased with the increase of catalyst concentrations. However, as the amount of rapeseed cake increased, the total reducing sugar content decreased, exceptionally sucrose in the case of sodium hydroxide.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.96-97
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• 2005