• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2019

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations are powerful tools to monitor surface's displacement very accurately, induced by earthquake, volcano, ground subsidence, glacier movement, etc. Especially, radar interferometry (InSAR) which utilizes phase information related to distance from sensor to target, can generate displacement map in line-of-sight direction with accuracy of a few cm or mm. Due to decorrelation effect, however, degradation of coherence in the InSAR application often prohibit from construction of differential interferogram. Offset tracking method is an alternative approach to make a two-dimensional displacement map using intensity information instead of the phase. However, there is limitation in that the offset tracking requires very intensive computation power and time. In this paper, efficiency of parallel computing has been investigated using high performance computer for estimation of glacier velocity. Two TanDEM-X SAR observations which were acquired on September 15, 2013 and September 26, 2013 over the Narsap Sermia in Southwestern Greenland were collected. Atotal of 56 of 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon processors(28 physical processors with hyperthreading) by operating with linux environment were utilized. The Gamma software was used for application of offset tracking by adjustment of the number of processors for the OpenMP parallel computing. The processing times of the offset tracking at the 256 by 256 pixels of window patch size at single and 56 cores are; 26,344 sec and 2,055 sec, respectively. It is impressive that the processing time could be reduced significantly about thirteen times (12.81) at the 56 cores usage. However, the parallel computing using all the processors prevent other background operations or functions. Except the offset tracking processing, optimum number of processors need to be evaluated for computing efficiency.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.12 s.354
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

This paper proposes the algorithm for tracking of the residual phase errors incurred by carrier frequency offset and sampling frequency offset in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems which are suitable for high data rate wireless communications. In the OFDM systems the subcarriers which are orthogonal to each other are modulated by digital data and transmitted simultaneously. The carrier frequency offset causes degradation of signal to noise ratio(SNR) performance and interference between the adjacent subcarriers. The errors in the sampling timing caused by the sampling frequency difference between the transmitter and the receiver sides also cause a major performance degradation in the OFDM systems. The residual error tracking and compensation mechanism is essential in the OFDM system since the carrier and the sampling frequency offset cause the loss of orthogonality resulting in the system performance loss. This paper proposes the scheme where the channel gain and the payload data information are reflected in the residual error tracking process which results in the reduction of the estimation error and the tracking performance improvements under the frequency selective fading wireless channels.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

This study measures the change of ice flow velocity of David Glacier, one of the fast-moving glaciers in East Antarctica that drains through Drygalski Ice Tongue. In order to effectively observe the rapid flow velocity, we applied the offset tracking technique to Sentinel-1A SAR images obtained from 2016 to 2020 with 36-day temporal baseline. The resulting velocity maps were averaged and the two relatively fast points (A1 and A2) were selected for further time-series analysis. The flow velocity increased during the Antarctic summer (around December to March) over the four years' observation period probably due to the ice surface melting and reduced friction on the ice bottom. Bedmap2 showed that the fast flow velocities at A1 and A2 are associated with a sharp decrease in the ice surface and bottom elevation so that ice volumetric cross-section narrows down and the crevasses are being created on the ice surface. The local maxima in standard deviation of ice velocity, S1 and S2, showed random temporal fluctuation due to the rotational ice swirls causing error in offset tracking method. It is suggested that more robust offset tracking method is necessary to incorporate rotational motion.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2005

In this paper, we proposed the frequency offset compensation algorithm and tracking algorithm which could improve the accumulated phase error for HDR-WPAN system. The proposed frequency offset compensation technique estimated each sample phase error by autocorrelation characteristics of CAZAC sequence, estimated phase error multiple each sample in a symbol, and finally compensated for the frequency offset. After frequency offset compensation using two steps, coarse and fine frequency offset, tracking algorithm have to use to compensate for the accumulated phase error. Because there is no pilot symbol in payload, more phase rotation occurred in received signal constellations due to the accumulated phase error as the payload length increase. Tracking algorithm compensates for a cumulative phase error ${\theta}$ between payload data.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38A no.6
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• pp.512-519
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose a novel unambiguous correlation function for composite binary offset carrier (CBOC) signal tracking. First, we observe that a sub-carrier of CBOC signal is seen as a sum of four partial sub-carriers, and generate four partial-correlations composing the CBOC autocorrelation. Then, we obtain an unambiguous correlation function with a sharp main-peak by re-combining the partial correlations. From numerical results, we confirm that the proposed unambiguous correlation function offers a better tracking performance than the conventional correlation functions in terms of the tracking error standard deviation and multipath error envelope.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 1995.06a
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• pp.63-67
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• 1995

This paper proposes a new frequency offset correction technique for OFDM receivers on a frequency-selective fading channel. The frequency offset in the OFDM signals is known to introduce an interchannel interference among the multiple subcarriers, which degrades the receiver performance severely. In order to reduce the frequency offset, this paper describes an algorithm with two stages: acquisition and tracking. At both stages the algorithm oversamples the received OFDM signals. At the acquisition stage the frequency offset is reduced to half or less than the intercarrier spacing by matching the sign patterns of even and odd samples. Next, at tracking stage the frequency offset is compensated by a frequency detector which is controlled by the correlation of the even and odd sample sets. From the results, it is found that the proposed algorithm can correct the frequency offset even if the initial offset exceeds one half of th eintercairrers spacing.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.972-983
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• 1996

This paper proposes a new technique for frequency offset correction for OFDM systems on a frequency selective fading channel. Frequency offset in OFDM introduces interchannel interference among the multiple subcarriers of OFDM signal. To compensate the interference, this paper describes an algorithm with two stages:acquisition and tracking. At both stages, the proposed algorithm oversamples the received OFDM signal to obtain a couple of demodulated symbol sets. At acquisition stage the frequency offset is reduced to half or less of the intercarrier spacings by matching the sign pattern of each element of the sets. Next, at tracking stage the frequency offset is corrected with a frequency detector which is controlled by the correlation of the two sets. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can correct the frequency offset in the event of uncertainty in the initial offset that exceeds one half of the intercarrier spacing. In addition, the proposed algorithm is robust to transmitted symbols and channel characteristics by using oversampled symbol sets.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38A no.5
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• pp.409-415
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose a correlation function using newly designed local signals for cosine-phased binary offset carrier (BOC) signal tracking. First, we divide a sub-carrier pulse over one pseudo random noise code period into multiple rectangular pulses, and subsequently, design novel local signals. Then, we obtain a correlation function with no side-peak based on a combination of correlations between the newly generated local signals and received cosine-phased BOC signal. From numerical results, it is confirmed that the proposed correlation function provides a tracking performance improvement over the conventional correlation functions in terms of the tracking error standard deviation.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.10C
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• pp.1032-1041
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• 2007

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS), which is the core technique for the location based service, adopts the direct sequence/spread spectrum (DS/SS) as its modulation method. The success of a DS/SS system depends on the synchronization between the received and locally generated pseudo noise (PN) signals. As a step in the synchronization process, the tacking scheme performs fine adjustment to bring the phase difference between the two PN signals to zero. The most widely used tracking scheme is the delay locked loop with early minus late discriminator (EL-DLL). In the ideal case, the EL-DLL is the best estimator among various DLL. However, in the band-limited multipath environment, the EL-DLL has tracking bias. In this paper, the timing offset range of correlation function is divided into advanced offset range (AOR) and delayed offset range (DOR) centering around the correct synchronization time point. The tracking bias results from the following two reasons: symmetry distortion between correlation values in AOR and DOR, and mismatch between the time point corresponding to the maximum correlation value and the synchronization time point. The former and latter are named as the type I and type II tracking bias, respectively. In this paper, when the receiver has finite bandwidth in the presence of multipath signals, it is shown that the type II tracking bias becomes a more dominant error factor than the type I tracking bias, and the correlation values in AOR are not almost changed. Exploiting these characteristics, we propose a novel tracking bias mitigation scheme and demonstrate that the tracking accuracy of the proposed scheme is higher than that of the conventional scheme, both in the presence and absence of noise.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.9C
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• pp.581-588
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a novel unambiguous code tracking scheme for cosine phased binary offset carrier (BOC) signals. We first obtain the sub-correlation functions composing the BOC autocorrelation function, and then, re-combine the sub-correlation functions generating a correlation function with no side-peak. Finally, by using the correlation function with no side-peak in the delay lock loop, the proposed scheme performs unambiguous signal tracking. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides a performance improvement over the conventional unambiguous scheme in terms of the tracking error standard deviation (TESD).