• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 2014

As the Seated Iron Buddha Statues, Vairocana Buddha of Dopiansa Temple in Cheolwon, Nosana Buddha of Samhwasa Temple in Donghae and Sakyamuni of Mangisa Temple in Pyeongtaek were made during Unified Silla to Koryo Dynasty. These are damaged degradation which are crack, break-out, peel off and various pollutant. As a result of deterioration evaluation using radiography, crack, gap, break-out, pore space and restoration material are confirmed inside in the Buddha Statues. Based on iron strength, the Buddha Statues will be maintain current state as long as a high external impact is not applied. Also, iron core and nails used for fixing of internal and external framework were observed in the Buddha Statues. According to prominent line of surface, embossed inscription, hands cast separately and combined, the Buddha Statues were made by using division casting.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 1997

A new bioelectrical impedance method has been developed and evaluated. The electrodes; were made of stainless steel and electrical interfaces were created by an upright subject gripping hand electrodes and stepping onto foot electrodes. Eight tactile electrodes were in contact with surfaces of both hands and feet; thumb, palm and fingers, front sole, and rear sole. Automatic on-off switches were used to change current pathways and to measure voltage differences for target segments. Segmental body resistances and whole body resistance(RWHOLE)were measured in 60 healthy subjects. Segmental resistances of right arm(RRA), left arm(RLA), trunk(RT), right leg(RRL) and left leg(RLL)were310.0$\pm$61.6$\Omega$, 316.9$\pm$64.6$\Omega$, 25.1$\pm$3.4$\Omega$, 236.8$\pm$31.2$\Omega$ and 237.6$\pm$30.4$\Omega$, respectively. Individual segmental impedance indexes(Ht2/RRA, Ht2/RT, and Ht2 /RLA) were closely related to lean body mass(LBM)as measured by densitometry ranged from r=0.925 to 0.960. Ht2/(RRA+RT+RLA) predicted LBM slightly better(r=0.969) than the traditional index, Ht2/RWHOLE(r=0.964), supporting the accuracy of the segmental measurement. A multiple regression equation utilizing Ht2/RRA, Ht2/RT and Ht2/RRL predicted LBM with r=0.971. Ht2/RRA term of the regression contributed to more than 40$\%$ of the LBM prediction, indicating that lean mass of arm represented whole body LBM more closely than other body segments. The new bioimpedance method was characterized by upright posture, eight tactile electrodes, segmental measurements and utilization of electronic switches in comparison with the traditional method. The measurement with this new method was extremely reproducible, quick and easy to use.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this paper was to compare test standards regarding the performance and safety of agricultural tractors to identify the differences in test conditions, measurement tolerances, and test procedures. Based on the comparison, some recommendations were proposed for possible revisions or improvements to current tractor test standards. Methods: The test standards and codes of major standards development organizations (SDOs), such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), EC type approval, and the board of actions of the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratories (NTTL), were selected and analyzed. Comparison of the test standards: The ISO provides references for fuel and lubricants for tractor tests, and the OECD provides additional measurements for calculating fuel consumption characteristics during the power take-off (PTO) tests. The ISO, EC type approval, and the ASABE provide PTO protective device and the safety requirements. During drawbar power tests, seven transmission ratios are selected for fully automatic transmissions, according to the OECD. In case of hydraulic lift tests, ISO 789-2 and OECD Code 2 advise the use of a static lift force, while SAE J283 advises the use of additional dynamic lift capacity tests for a better representation of in-field operations. The OECD, the ISO, and EC type approval determine the seat index point (SIP), whereas the ASABE determines the seat reference point (SRP) for roll-over protective structure (ROPS) tests. Diversified measurement tolerances were among the braking performance test standards. The European Union (EU) has developed daily limits for vibration exposures with adaptations from ISO 2631-1. Electromagnetic compatibility evaluations are emerging of high-efficiency tractors due to the long-term conformance to electromagnetic emissions and interferences. Comparisons of tractor test standards discussed in this paper are expected to provide useful information for tractor manufacturers and standards development personnel to improve the performance and safety test standards of tractors.

• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.12a
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• pp.9-40
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• 2004

"UNIDROIT Principles 2004" focused on an enlargement rather than a revision. An additional Section or Chapter so to speak, which are about, the Authority of a Agents, Third Party Rights, Set-off, Assignment of Rights, Transfer of Obligations and Assignment of Contracts, and Limitation Periods have been added, while the only change of substance made to the 1994 Edition, apart from two paragraphs in the Preamble, and three new provisions in Chapter 1 and 2 which are necessary to adapt the Principles to the needs of electronic contracting. The Principles which have the nature of the restatement of international uniform laws (for example CISG) are continuous exercise. Therefore we should note whether in the future our concerns would be on a additional topics on a improvement of the current text by monitoring the reception of the "UNIDROIT Principles 2004" in practice, and the application by contracting parties. The purposes of the Principles may be classified into three ; the rules of law governing the contract, means of interpreting and supplementing international uniform law or domestic law, or models for national and international legislator. Among them, the function of governing law may be applied by the express choice by the parties or by the implied choice like "general principles of law" or "les mercatoria", and it may be applied in the absence of any choice of law by the parties. Among there importance functions, this writer would like to emphasize the function to supplementing international uniform law instruments. The reason is that the CISG which has been established as an international uniform sales act and to which our country would be a contracting State from March, 2005, needs a lot of gap-filling. For this purpose it is advisable the parties to insert following provisions in their contract. "This contract shall be governed by the CISG, supplemented when necessary by the UNIDROIT Principles 2004" Thus success in practice of the UNIDROIT Principles over the last then years has surpassed the most optimistic expectations. It is hoped that the 2004 Edition of the UNIDROIT Principles will be just as favorably received by legislators, business persons, lawyers, arbitrators and judges and become even better known and more widely used throughout the World.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.198-198
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• 2010

전하 트랩형 비휘발성 메모리는 10년 이상의 데이터 보존 능력과 빠른 쓰기/지우기 속도가 요구 된다. 그러나 두 가지 특성은 터널 산화막의 두께에 따라 서로 trade off 관계를 갖는다. 즉, 두 가지 특성을 모두 만족 시키면서 scaling down 하기는 매우 힘들다. 이것의 해결책으로 적층된 유전막을 터널 산화막으로 사용하여 쓰기/지우기 속도와 데이터 보존 특성을 만족하는 Tunnel Barrier engineered Memory (TBM)이 있다. TBM은 가운데 장벽은 높고 기판과 전극쪽의 장벽이 낮은 crested barrier type이 있으며, 이와 반대로 가운데 장벽은 낮고 기판과 전극쪽의 장벽이 높은 VARIOT barrier type이 있다. 일반적으로 유전율과 밴드갭(band gap)의 관계는 유전율이 클수록 밴드갭이 작은 특성을 갖는다. 이러한 관계로 인해 일반적으로 crested type의 터널산화막층은 high-k/low-k/high-k의 물질로 적층되며, VARIOT type은 low-k/high-k/low-k의 물질로 적층된다. 이 형태는 밴드갭이 다른 물질을 적층했을 때 전계에 따라 터널 장벽의 변화가 민감하여 전자의 장벽 투과율이 매우 빠르게 변화하는 특징을 갖는다. 결국 전계에 민감도 향상으로 쓰기/지우기 속도가 향상되며 적층된 유전막의 물리적 두께의 증가로 인해 데이터 보존 특성 또한 향상되는 장점을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 TBM과 다른 형태의 staggered tunnel barrier를 제안한다. staggered tunnel barrier는 heterostructure의 에너지 밴드 구조 중 하나로 밴드 line up은 두 밴드들이 같은 방향으로 shift된 형태이다. 즉, 가전자대 에너지 장벽의 minimum이 한 쪽에 생기면 전도대 에너지 장벽의 maximum은 반대쪽에 생기는 형태를 갖는다. 이러한 밴드구조를 갖는 물질을 터널 산화막층으로 하게 되면 쓰기/지우기 속도를 증가시킬 수 있으며, 데이터 보존 능력 모두 만족할 수 있어 TBM의 터널 산화막으로의 사용이 기대된다. 본 연구에서 제작한 staggered TBM소자의 터널 산화막으로는 Si3N4/HfAlO (3/3 nm)을 사용하여 I-V(current-voltage), Retention, Endurance를 측정하여 메모리 소자로서의 특성을 분석하였으며, 제 1 터널 산화막(Si3N4)의 두께를 wet etching 시간 (0, 10, 20 sec)에 따른 메모리 특성을 비교 분석하였다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.491-502
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• 2012

The world's food production systems are becoming an area of great concern for both human and ecological health. Research has identified that one of the greatest threats to sustainability is conventional industrial agricultural systems and the high energy and material cost they require to function. The organic food movement is contributing as promising alternative to the current dominant model. Over the last 50 years it has developed into the most visible brand for a healthier and more environmentally sustainable food system. However, to achieve its full potential there are still a number of hurdles which must be overcome to make organic products a more viable and appealing option for consumers. This paper provides an overview of key research that has been conducted on why consumers are buying organic products, what they are buying and what is preventing them from purchasing more. It concludes that the key challenge is for the organic food movement to convince existing consumers of the superior 'value' of its products. In addition there are a number of methodological issues associated with analysing the market for organic products as well as issues of limited distribution, intermittent availability and high prices that are currently preventing increases in sales. Recognition and management of these barriers could contribute to more effective targeted research into consumer food purchasing motivations and subsequently the development of more sophisticated marketing strategies that assist in maintaining integrity with consumers and fending off challenges from conventional as well as other complementary food systems such as local food movement. And finally to achieve these market growth strategies the organic food movement will need to cope with its diverse constituency - ranging from global corporates through to local production and consumption - and provide attractive opportunities to individuals and business at all stages in supply chain whilst retaining credibility with government to ensure ongoing policy support.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.737-751
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• 2017

Histone-modifying enzymes are key players in the field of cellular differentiation. Here, we used GSK-J4 to profile important target genes that are responsible for neural differentiation. Embryoid bodies were treated with retinoic acid ($10{\mu}M$) to induce neural differentiation in the presence or absence of GSK-J4. To profile GSKJ4-target genes, we performed RNA sequencing for both normal and demethylase-inhibited cells. A total of 47 and 58 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively, after GSK-J4 exposure at a log2-fold-change cut-off value of 1.2 (p-value < 0.05). Functional annotations of all of the differentially expressed genes revealed that a significant number of genes were associated with the suppression of cellular proliferation, cell cycle progression and induction of cell death. We also identified an enrichment of potent motifs in selected genes that were differentially expressed. Additionally, we listed upstream transcriptional regulators of all of the differentially expressed genes. Our data indicate that GSK-J4 affects cellular biology by inhibiting cellular proliferation through cell cycle suppression and induction of cell death. These findings will expand the current understanding of the biology of histone-modifying enzymes, thereby promoting further investigations to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.150-157
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• 1988

The oceanographic condition around the set net fishing ground in Yeosu Bay was investigated by the oceanographic observation in June, July and August, 1988. Also the catch of the set net was analized by daly catch data of the three set net fishing ground from April to September, 1988. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The coastal surface water is high temperature and low salinity through the influence of land, and the off shore water and bottom water are low temperature and high salinity. 2) The eddy current and the sharp thermocline in June appeared in August at the set net fishing ground, and a good catch appeared in June and August. 3) The surface temperature and salinity at the set net fishing ground are 11$^{\circ}C$ to 27$^{\circ}C$ and 31.60$\textperthousand$ to 34.80$\textperthousand$. The surface temperature and salinity of a maximum good catch are 21$^{\circ}C$ and 33.80$\textperthousand$ to 33.99$\textperthousand$ respectively. 4) The dominant species of fish were spanish mackerel, scad, anchovy, sardine, common mackerel, hairtail, crab, yellow tail, in order of catch.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2002

Semi-active suspension systems are greatly expected to be in the mainstream of future controlled suspensions fur passenger cars. In this study, a continuous variable damper for a passenger car suspension is developed. It is controlled actively and exhibits high performance with light weight, low cost, and low energy consumption. To get fast response of the damper, reverse damping mechanism is adapted, and to get small pressure change rate after blow-off, a pilot controlled proportional valve is designed and analyzed. The reverse continuous variable damper is designed as a HS-SH damper which offers good body control with reduced transferred input force from tire, compared with any other type of suspension system. The damper structure is designed, so that rebound and compression damping force can be tuned independently, of which variable valve is placed externally. The rate of pressure change with respect to the flow rate after blow-offbecomes smooth when the fixed orifice size increases. Damping forces are measured with the change of the solenoid current at the different piston velocities to confirm the maximum hysteresis of 20N, linearity, and variance of damping farce. The damping farce variance is wide and continuous, and is controlled by the spoof opening, of which scheme is usually adapted in proportional valves. The reverse continuous variable damper developed in this study is expected to be utilized in the semi-active suspension systems in passenger cars after its performance and simplicity of the design is confirmed through real car test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.334-334
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• 2012

Transparent oxide semiconductors have recently attracted much attention as channel layer materials due to advantageous electrical and optical characteristics such as high mobility, high stability, and good transparency. In addition, transparent oxide semiconductor can be fabricated at low temperature with a low production cost and it permits highly uniform devices such as large area displays. A variety of thin film transistors (TFTs) have been studied including ZnO, InZnO, and InGaZnO as the channel layer. Recently, there are many studies for substitution of Ga in InGaZnO TFTs due to their problem, such as stability of devices. In this work, new quaternary compound materials, tantalum-indium-tin oxide (TaInSnO) thin films were fabricated by using co-sputtering and used for the active channel layer in thin film transistors (TFTs). We deposited TaInSnO films in a mixed gas (O2+Ar) atmosphere by co-sputtering from Ta and ITO targets, respectively. The electric characteristics of TaInSnO TFTs and thin films were investigated according to the RF power applied to the $Ta_2O_5$ target. The addition of Ta elements could suppress the formation of oxygen vacancies because of the stronger oxidation tendency of Ta relative to that of In or Sn. Therefore the free carrier density decreased with increasing RF power of $Ta_2O_5$ in TaInSnO thin film. The optimized characteristics of TaInSnO TFT showed an on/off current ratio of $1.4{\times}108$, a threshold voltage of 2.91 V, a field-effect mobility of 2.37 cm2/Vs, and a subthreshold swing of 0.48 V/dec.